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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2021 Mar 9;32(3):172–177. doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2021.03.001

Figure 3:

Figure 3:

Overview of Cardioneural Network that Arise from the Brain and Heart. Several neurological structures in both the brain and heart contribute to autonomic measurements that can be measured non-invasively. The neuroendocrine and immune systems are also closely involved, both as a result of direct input from both the brain and heart, as well as the mechanisms involving the peripheral autonomic nervous system.