Fig. 2.

Schematic representation of biogas and biofuels production from the lignocellulosic biomass, oil crops, sugarcane/food waste through pre-treatment, and anaerobic digestion. Sugar, fat, and proteins are converted into organic acids and alcohols by acidogenesis; organic acids and alcohols are converted into hydrogen (H₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and acetic acid (CH₃COOH) by acetogenic bacteria. Methanogenic bacteria are involved in the synthesis of biogas from CH₃COOH, CO₂, and H₂