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. 2021 Sep 8;11:17842. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96262-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The mRNA expression and the protein production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in monocyte-generated and M1 macrophages from AS and healthy individuals. M1 macrophages from AS patients significantly expressed an elevated level of IL1B gene. The gene expression levels of IL1B, TNFA, and IL23A and the protein production levels of IL-23 and TNF-α were significantly elevated in macrophages after their differentiation to M1 type. However, only macrophages from AS patients produced a significantly elevated level of IL-1β after differentiation to M1 type. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM (*P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001).