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. 2021 Aug 26;12:726182. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.726182

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Copyright © 2021 Phimphilai, Pothacharoen and Kongtawelert

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Osteogenic differentiation marker expression. Box and whisker plots to show comparison of osteoblast-specific gene expression in participants without diabetes showing preserved osteogenic differentiation potential (NDM-pD), patients with diabetes showing preserved osteogenic differentiation potential (DM-pD) and patients with diabetes showing impaired osteogenic differentiation potential (DM-iD)(mean ± SD). DM-pD had higher levels of expression of ALPL, COL1A1, BGLAP and RUNX2/PPARγ ratio (RUNX2/PPAR) than those in DM-iD by 7.3, 5.9, 4.3 and 3.8 times, respectively. DM-pD had significantly higher levels of expression of all osteoblast-specific genes than those in DM-iD but had comparable levels of expression of all osteoblast-specific genes to those in NMD-pD.