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. 2021 Aug 26;11:735940. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.735940

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Copyright © 2021 Johnson, Bennett, Sanidad, Hoang, Jardine, Keszenman and Wilson

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Clonogenic survival of DMSO-treated (vehicle control) G0/G1-phase normal NFF28 primary fibroblasts (A) and asynchronously growing A549 lung carcinoma (B), U2OS osteosarcoma (C), and U87MG malignant glioma cells (D) irradiated with cesium-137 γ-rays, 200 MeV protons, 290 MeV/n C-12 ions, or 350 MeV/n O-16 ions. Data reported as mean ± SD; where error bars are not visible, they are smaller than the data point. A LET-dependent increase in cell killing is observed for NFF28 fibroblasts; however 290 MeV/n C-12 ions (LET = 13.02 keV/µm) were more effective than 350 MeV/n O-16 ions (LET = 20.90 keV/µm) for cell killing in all three tumor cell lines. Asterisks mark significant differences compared to cesium-137 γ-rays at p-values of ≤0.05 (*) by one-way ANOVA.