Table 3.

Polymeric nanoparticle-based approach for viral inhibition and diagnosis

Nanoparticles	Mechanism of Antiviral Action	Purpose	Reference
AgNPs	Inhibit the virus binding with the cells in the initial stage of virus life cycles	Inactivate replication and minimize virucidal activity	[106]
	Restrict structural change due to viral invasion in the entry cell	Stop replication and act as an antiviral agent	[107]
	It blocked to form CD4+ T cells through CD4 binding with present gp120 on the surface envelope glycoprotein	Replication of virus entry into the target cell	[108]
	Control viral culture	Prevents non–envelope viruses entry	[109]
	Produce electrospun coating to stop interaction with the viral surface	Reduce virus reproduction during entry into the cell	[110]
Ricinus Communis AgNPs	Viral fusion between envelope protein and host cell	Anti-enterovirus agent	[111]
Fungi-AgNPs	Minimize virus infection and stop interaction of the virus with the host cell	Antimicrobial agent	[112]
Cinnamon-AgNPs	Inhibit virus propagation and blocked hemagglutinin function	Restrict virus penetration inside the cell	[113]
Coffee and green tea-AgNPs	Destroy the viral genome organism morphology and restrict hemagglutinin function	Viral replication and functioning as a viricidal agent	[114]
AgNps immobilized onto textile fabrics	Stop virus surface passivation	Act as a virucidal agent	[115]
TiO2 ~ DNA nanocomposites	Produce nucleic acid precipitation	Inhibit virus reproduction in cell culture	[116]
TiO2 NPs	Affect and control transport into the subsurface of virus	Inactivate the virus entry	[117]
Silica-NPs	Enable to detect antigen and enhance blood safety by minimizing antibody	Infection detection and adopted to obtain detection range antigen of viruses	[118]
β-cyclodextrin-graphene oxidecomposite	Initially stop the function of virus and blocked its attachment with the host cell	Protect and enhanced healing ability against the virus	[119]
Carbon dots	It prevents to make any linkage between virus and histo-blood group antigen, mostly with saliva secretor of the host cell	Control the degradation of capsid proteins of the virus and slightly blocked to bind with the antibody	[120]
Protein NPs	Maintained hemagglutinin function	It leads to activate an enhanced immune response against the virus	[121]
Polypeptide NPs	Reduction of cell protected by CD4+ T cells and transfusion provide immune serum	Lifetime immune response	[122]
Polystyrene NPs	Mannose-specific lectin	Mucosal vaccine	[123]
PVP-stearic acid-polyethylene glycol -NPs	Enhanced endocytosis pathways	Anti-viral agents	[124]
Magnetic NPs	Virus detected through different quantification methods	Treatments and diagnosis of the infected cells	[125]
POD-NLCs	Controlled cell proliferation	Anti-viral agents	[126]
Dendrimer-RNA NPs	Enhanced CD4+ T cells on the surface of envelope glycoprotein to work against IgG responses	Detection of antigen and vaccine preparation	[127]
G2-dendrimer-citric acid-polyethylene glycol	Antibody neutralization and boost immune response	Vaccine technology	[128]
AuNPs	Inhibit hemagglutinin function and produce antibody-protein antigens	Enhanced immunity response and cell protection against virus	[129]
	Useful to generate an antibody that can be bind with the membrane matrix protein of the infected cells	Preparation of vaccine and as viricidal agents	[130]
	Detection of virus pathogen by incorporating a specific antibody	Applied as an immunosensor	[131]