TABLE 3.
Comparison of COVID‐19 patients with NAFLD who died and discharged alive
| Died | Discharged alive | P | All | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 60 | 493 | 553 | |
| Period of admission (the year of 2020) | ||||
| March‐May | 28 (46.7%) | 177 (35.9%) | 0.10 | 205 (37.1%) |
| June‐October | 12 (20.0%) | 140 (28.4%) | 0.17 | 152 (27.5%) |
| November‐December | 20 (33.3%) | 176 (35.7%) | 0.72 | 196 (35.4%) |
| Age, years | 68.0 ± 14.7 | 53.1 ± 15.2 | <0.0001 | 54.7 ± 15.8 |
| Male | 39 (65.0%) | 241 (48.9%) | 0.0184 | 280 (50.6%) |
| Non‐Hispanic White or Caucasian | 18 (30.0%) | 77 (15.7%) | 0.0059 | 95 (17.3%) |
| Non‐Hispanic Black or African‐American | 8 (13.3%) | 55 (11.2%) | 0.63 | 63 (11.5%) |
| Hispanic | 24 (41.4%) | 293 (60.3%) | 0.0058 | 317 (58.3%) |
| Asian | 8 (13.3%) | 36 (7.4%) | 0.11 | 44 (8.0%) |
| Other race/ethnicity | 2 (3.3%) | 30 (6.1%) | 0.38 | 32 (5.8%) |
| Congregated living | 12 (20.0%) | 14 (2.8%) | <0.0001 | 26 (4.7%) |
| Baseline medical history | ||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 31.5 ± 8.9 | 32.7 ± 8.1 | 0.12 | 32.6 ± 8.2 |
| CCI | 6.30 ± 3.38 | 3.63 ± 3.09 | <0.0001 | 3.92 ± 3.23 |
| CCI = 0 | 0 (0.0%) | 55 (11.2%) | 0.0064 | 55 (9.9%) |
| CCI = 1 | 4 (6.7%) | 76 (15.4%) | 0.07 | 80 (14.5%) |
| CCI = 2 | 0 (0.0%) | 89 (18.1%) | 0.0003 | 89 (16.1%) |
| CCI = 3 or 4 | 18 (30.0%) | 127 (25.8%) | 0.48 | 145 (26.2%) |
| CCI = 5‐8 | 23 (38.3%) | 103 (20.9%) | 0.0024 | 126 (22.8%) |
| CCI ≥ 9 | 15 (25.0%) | 43 (8.7%) | 0.0001 | 58 (10.5%) |
| ECI | 21.9 ± 9.8 | 12.3 ± 11.0 | <0.0001 | 13.4 ± 11.3 |
| ECI ≤ 0 | 0 (0.0%) | 71 (14.4%) | 0.0016 | 71 (12.8%) |
| 1 ≤ ECI ≤ 5 | 0 (0.0%) | 86 (17.4%) | 0.0004 | 86 (15.6%) |
| 6 ≤ ECI ≤ 10 | 6 (10.0%) | 80 (16.2%) | 0.21 | 86 (15.6%) |
| 11 ≤≤ ECI ≤ 17 | 18 (30.0%) | 124 (25.2%) | 0.42 | 142 (25.7%) |
| 18 ≤ ECI ≤ 27 | 18 (30.0%) | 90 (18.3%) | 0.0303 | 108 (19.5%) |
| ECI ≥ 28 | 18 (30.0%) | 42 (8.5%) | <0.0001 | 60 (10.8%) |
| Admission parameters | ||||
| Blood pressure diastolic, mmHg | 68.9 ± 13.8 | 73.5 ± 12.5 | 0.0206 | 73.0 ± 12.7 |
| Blood pressure systolic, mmHg | 126.7 ± 25.8 | 128.1 ± 21.2 | 0.84 | 127.9 ± 21.7 |
| Temperature, ºF | 99.4 ± 1.8 | 99.1 ± 1.4 | 0.0164 | 99.1 ± 1.5 |
| Heart rate per minute | 93.1 ± 25.0 | 91.7 ± 18.3 | 0.66 | 91.9 ± 19.1 |
| Respiratory rate per minute | 26.9 ± 8.5 | 22.4 ± 7.1 | <0.0001 | 22.9 ± 7.4 |
| Oxygen saturation, % | 87.9 ± 11.8 | 93.4 ± 6.2 | 0.0001 | 92.8 ± 7.2 |
| Low oxygen saturation (≤90%) | 28 (46.7%) | 100 (20.3%) | <0.0001 | 128 (23.1%) |
| High risk (qSOFA ≥ 2) | 10 (16.7%) | 24 (4.9%) | 0.0004 | 34 (6.2%) |
| ALT, U/L | 63.1 ± 103.7 | 60.1 ± 66.4 | 0.41 | 60.5 ± 71.3 |
| AST, U/L | 100.5 ± 186.6 | 61.3 ± 64.2 | 0.0147 | 65.6 ± 87.3 |
| Bicarbonate, mEq | 21.3 ± 5.3 | 22.6 ± 3.5 | 0.0199 | 22.5 ± 3.7 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.97 ± 2.11 | 1.15 ± 1.13 | <0.0001 | 1.24 ± 1.29 |
| C‐reactive protein, mg/L | 13.1 ± 12.3 | 10.6 ± 8.2 | 0.27 | 10.8 ± 8.8 |
| D‐dimer, mg/L | 3.04 ± 4.39 | 1.46 ± 2.45 | <0.0001 | 1.63 ± 2.76 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 1,212.6 ± 1,116.1 | 1,020.1 ± 1,580.1 | 0.0446 | 1,040.7 ± 1,537.2 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.9 ± 2.4 | 13.3 ± 2.0 | 0.39 | 13.3 ± 2.1 |
| Absolute lymphocyte count | 0.920 ± 0.820 | 1.39 ± 1.59 | <0.0001 | 1.33 ± 1.52 |
| Platelets, 109/L | 191.2 ± 81.1 | 228.5 ± 91.2 | 0.0051 | 224.5 ± 90.8 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.703 ± 0.465 | 0.658 ± 0.484 | 0.33 | 0.663 ± 0.482 |
| White blood count, 109/L | 8.03 ± 6.20 | 7.77 ± 4.04 | 0.73 | 7.80 ± 4.32 |
| FIB‐4 score | 6.59 ± 13.91 | 2.33 ± 2.33 | <0.0001 | 2.79 ± 5.24 |
| Resource use and disposition | ||||
| Acute liver injury | 15 (25.4%) | 6 (1.2%) | <0.0001 | 21 (3.9%) |
| Length of stay, days | 17.8 ± 17.5 | 8.60 ± 10.02 | <0.0001 | 9.60 ± 11.42 |
| Admitted to ICU | 50 (83.3%) | 146 (29.6%) | <0.0001 | 196 (35.4%) |
| Received mechanical ventilation | 41 (68.3%) | 35 (7.1%) | <0.0001 | 76 (13.7%) |
| Discharged to: | ||||
| Short‐term care facility | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (1.0%) | 0.43 | 5 (0.9%) |
| Long‐term care facility | 0 (0.0%) | 26 (5.3%) | 0.07 | 26 (4.7%) |
| Home | 0 (0.0%) | 458 (92.9%) | <0.0001 | 458 (82.8%) |
| Hospice care | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (0.8%) | 0.48 | 4 (0.7%) |
| Died | 60 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.0001 | 60 (10.8%) |