Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population at admission stratified by the trend of troponin level during the first 2 days of hospitalization (N = 197)
| Troponin trend | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | Normal then elevated | Elevated then normal | Elevated | ||||||
| N | N | N | N | P value | |||||
| Age (years) | 81 | 63 ± 13 a | 15 | 64 ± 15 | 14 | 70 ± 12 | 87 | 70 ± 13 | 0.006 |
| Sex (male) | 81 | 58 (72) | 15 | 10 (67) | 14 | 10 (71) | 87 | 57 (66) | 0.850 |
| Oxygen saturation (ambient air, %) | 79 | 91 (85–95) | 15 | 96 (90–97) | 14 | 90 (85–97) | 86 | 92 (86–96) | 0.198 |
| White blood cell count (μL) | 79 | 6600 (5150–8610) b , a | 14 | 6527 (5085–7465) b | 14 | 9860 (8575–10 538) | 87 | 8670 (5770–11 380) | 0.001 |
| Lymphocytes (μL) | 73 | 810 (600–1331) | 14 | 1045 (728–1778) | 13 | 1020 (605–1400) | 78 | 945 (693–1288) | 0.678 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 79 | 44 (13–139) | 14 | 11 (3–27) | 14 | 33 (12–157) | 85 | 23 (6–144) | 0.083 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 73 | 416 (273–596) | 14 | 301 (195–418) | 13 | 250 (180–428) | 73 | 332 (257–498) | 0.075 |
| ABG test lactate (mmol/L) | 61 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 13 | 1.0 (0.7–1.9) | 7 | 1.6 (1.5–1.9) | 68 | 1.4 (0.9–1.7) | 0.152 |
| PaO2/FiO2 (mmHg/%) | 75 | 180 (97–290) | 11 | 310 (243–381) | 11 | 267 (131–302) | 71 | 257 (126–333) | 0.105 |
| Heart failure | 80 | 2 (3) b , a | 14 | 2 (14) | 14 | 4 (29) | 86 | 22 (26) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 80 | 9 (11) a | 14 | 4 (29) | 14 | 6 (43) | 86 | 26 (30) | 0.004 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 80 | 5 (6) a | 14 | 3 (21) | 14 | 4 (29) | 86 | 24 (28) | 0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 80 | 4 (5) | 14 | 3 (21) | 14 | 2 (14) | 86 | 10 (12) | 0.111 |
| Diabetes | 80 | 16 (20) | 14 | 4 (29) | 14 | 3 (21) | 86 | 26 (30) | 0.498 |
| Hypertension | 80 | 32 (40) a | 14 | 11 (79) | 14 | 11 (79) | 86 | 55 (64) | 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease (eGFR < 60 mL/min/m2) | 80 | 6 (8) a | 14 | 1 (7) | 14 | 5 (36) | 86 | 23 (27) | 0.001 |
| Prior ACEi/ARB therapy | 69 | 21 (30) c | 11 | 9 (82) | 13 | 9 (69) | 74 | 33 (45) | 0.002 |
Legend: ABG, arterial blood gas; ACEi, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CRP, C‐reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen; PaO2, oxygen partial pressure at arterial gas analysis.
Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or count (%). Subgroup comparisons were made with the same test used for the overall analysis, adjusting for multiple comparisons with either Bonferroni method for χ 2, Fisher and ANOVA tests, or with the Dwass, Steel, Critchlow–Flign (DSCF) method for the Kruskal–Wallis tests.
Subgroups analyses: indicates statistically significant comparison vs. ‘elevated’.
Subgroups analyses: indicates statistically significant comparison vs. ‘elevated then normal’.
Subgroups analyses: indicates statistically significant comparison vs. ‘normal then elevated’.