Table 1.
The characteristics of the included studies in this meta‐analysis
| Study | Data | Study design | Region and Country | Diagnostic criteria | n | Age(mean ± SD)/median w (IQR25, 75) | Sex(male) | Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14 | 2020/01–2020/02 | Retrospective, observational study | Beijing, China | Trial 6th version protocol from China | 90 | 53.0 ± ″″16.9 | 43 | Mild cases (n = 2)/Moderate cases (n = 55)/severe cases (n = 22)/critical cases (n = 11) |
| 15 | 2020/01/01–2020/02/06 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 5th version protocol from China | 463 | 51 (43, 60) | 244 | Moderate cases (n = 282)/severe cases (n = 181) |
| 16 | 2020/01/20–2020/02/10 | Retrospective, observational study | Guangzhou, China | Trial 7th version protocol from China | 66 | Mild cases 38.5 (29, 60.3)/moderate cases 56 (38, 63)/severe cases 57 (55.5, 68.5)/critical cases 66 (60, 83) | 29 | Mild cases (n = 22)/moderate cases (n = 31)/severe cases (n = 8)/critical cases (n = 5) |
| 17 | 2020/01/17–2020/02/20 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 6th version protocol from China | 89 | 53.0 ± 16.9 | 41 | Mild cases (n = 18)/moderate cases (n = 40)/severe cases (n = 21)/critical cases (n = 10) |
| 18 | 2020/01/24–2020/02/23 | Retrospective, observational study | Chongqing, China | Trial 6th version protocol from China | 223 | 46.5 ± 16.1 | 105 | Moderate cases (n = 192)/severe cases (n = 31) |
| 19 | 2020/01/21–2020/03/15 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 5th version protocol from China | 30 | Death cases 63.6 (median)/survivor cases 65 (median) | 15 | Survivor cases (n = 12)/death cases (n = 18) |
| 20 | 2020/01/13–2020/02/12 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 6th version protocol from China | 274 | 62(44, 70) | 171 | Deaths (n = 113)/recovered patients (n = 161) |
| 21 | 2020/01/01–2020/02/21 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 6th version protocol from China | 225 | Deaths 69 (62, 74)/recover cases 40 (33, 57) | 124 | Deaths (n = 106)/recovered cases (n = 116) |
| 22 | 2020/01/01–2020/02/18 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | WHO interim guidance | 273 | Mild cases 58.95 ± 10.80/severe cases 58.97 ± 14.38/critical cases 57.27 ± 17.25 | 97 | Mild cases (n = 198)/severe cases (n = 60)/critical cases (n = 15) |
| 23 | 2020/01/03–2020/02/24 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 7th version protocol from China | 54 | 68 (59.8, 74.3) | 34 | Death cases (n = 26)/survivor cases (n = 28) |
| 24 | 2020/01/16–2020/02/25 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 5th version protocol from China | 95 | 49 (39.0, 58) | 53 | Death cases (n = 6)/survivor cases (n = 89) |
| 25 | 2020/01/05–2020/01/13 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 4th version protocol from China | 34 | Severe cases 63 (58, 69)/critical cases 67 (66, 75) | 17 | Severe cases (n = 26)/critical cases (n = 8) |
| 26 | 2020/01/16–2020/02/20 | Retrospective, observational study | non‐Wuhan area of Hubei Province, China | Quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay | 91 | 46 (median) | 49 | Mild cases (n = 61)/severe cases (n = 30) |
| 27 | before 2020/01/31 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 6th version protocol from China | 191 | 56 (46, 67) | 119 | Survivors (n = 137)/non‐survivors (n = 54) |
| 28 | 2020/01/27–2020/02/27 | Retrospective, observational study | Henan, China | Trial 5th version protocol from China | 29 | 56 (31.5, 66) | 14 | Moderate cases (n = 8)/severe cases (n = 21) |
| 29 | 2020/01/08–2020/02/20 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | WHO interim guidance | 323 | 61 (23, 91) | 166 | Non‐severe (n = 151)/severe (n = 146)/critical (n = 26) |
| 30 | 2020/01/01–2020/02/15 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, Shanghai, and Anhui, China | Trial 5th version protocol from China | 476 | 53 (40, 64) | 271 | Moderate (n = 352)/severe (n = 54)/critical (n = 70) |
| 31 | 2020/01/01–2020/02/15 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 7th version protocol from China | 25 | 51 (median) | 10 | Non‐severe (n = 16)/severe (n = 9)/; alive (n = 20)/dead (n = 5) |
| 32 | 2020/01/20–2020/02/5 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 5th version protocol from China and WHO interim guidance | 584 | 60 (48, 69) | 279 | Non‐severe (n = 279)/Severe (n = 269) |
| 33 | 2020/01/20–2020/04/01 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | WHO interim guidance and trial 7th version protocol from China | 1449 | 57 (42, 66) | 733 | Alive (n = 1327)/died (n = 122) |
| 34 | 2020/01/21–2020/02/12 | Retrospective, observational study | Beijing, China | Trial 5th version protocol from China | 80 | 53 ± 20 | 38 | Severe (n = 27)/non‐severe (n = 53) |
| 35 | 2020/01/12–2020/02/20 | Retrospective, observational study | Ningbo, China | Trial 6th version protocol from China | 127 | 50.90 ± 15.26 | 54 | Non‐severe cases (n = 111)/severe cases (n = 16) |
| 36 | 2020/01/02–2020/02/10 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | WHO interim guidance | 221 | 55 (39.0, 66.5) | 108 | Severe (n = 55)/non‐severe (n = 166) |
| 37 | 2020/01/22–2020/02/10 | Retrospective, observational study | Jiangsu, China | Trial 5th version protocol from China | 202 | 44.0 (33, 54) | 116 | Non‐severe patients (n = 179)/severe patients (n = 23) |
| 38 | 2019/12/11–2020/01/29 | Retrospective, observational study | mainland, China | WHO interim guidance | 1099 | 47.0 (35, 58) | 637 | Non‐severe (n = 926)/severe (n = 173) |
| 39 | 2020/01/24–2020/02/07 | Retrospective, observational study | Chongqing, China | Trial 6th version protocol from China | 114 | 46.05 ± 15.15 | 56 | Mild cases (n = 99)/severe cases (n = 4)/critical cases (n = 11) |
| 40 | 2020/01/20–2020/02/10 | Retrospective, observational study | Guangzhou, China | WHO interim guidance | 275 | 49 (34, 62) | 128 | Non‐severe Patients (n = 230)/severe patients (n = 45) |
| 41 | 2020/01/21–2020/02/25 | Retrospective, observational study | Chongqing, China | Trial 6th version protocol from China | 51 | 60.94 ± 14.87 | 27 | Severe (n = 35)/critical cases (n = 16) |
| 42 | 2020/01/24–2020/03/01 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 6th version protocol from China | 382 | 52.0 ± 14.1 | 190 | Moderate cases (n = 285)/severe cases (n = 63)/critical cases (n = 34) |
| 43 | 2020/01/01–2020/03/22 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 7th version protocol from China | 102 | 51.6 ± 19.3 | 75 | Moderate cases (n = 63)/severe cases (n = 29)/critical cases (n = 10) |
| 44 | 2020/03/01–2020/03/30 | Retrospective, observational study | Esine, Brescia, Lombardy, Italy | Real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction | 144 | In‐hospital death 78.0 (64.2, 84.0)/discharged 62.1 (53.0, 72.8) | 96 | In‐hospital death (n = 70)/discharged (n = 74) |
| 45 | 2020/01/01–2020/02/15 | Retrospective cohort study | Wuhan, China | Not mention | 660 | 55.0 (34.0, 68.0) | 295 | Survivor (n = 578)/non‐survivor (n = 82) |
| 46 | 2020/01/01–2020/03/11 | Retrospective, observational study | Zhejiang, China | Trial 7th version protocol from China | 145 | 45.3 ± 13.6 | 79 | Non‐severely ill patients (n = 102)/severely ill patients (n = 43) |
| 47 | 2019/12/30–2020/02/16 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 5th version protocol from China | 73 | 58.36 ± 14.31 | 49 | Non‐survivors (n = 47)/survivors (n = 26) |
| 48 | 2020/01/17–2020/02/10 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 6th version protocol from China | 54 | 41 (31, 51) | 28 | Died (N = 68)/discharged (N = 82) |
| 49 | 2020/02/19–2020/04/15 | Retrospective, observational study | Daegu, Korea | ARDS Definition Task ForceRanieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, Ferguson ND, Caldwell E, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin definition. | 110 | 56.9 ± 17.0 | 48 | Severe patients (n = 23)/non‐severe patients (n = 87) |
| 50 | 2020/01/31–2020/03/05 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | WHO interim guidance | 101 | 51.0 (37, 61) | 48 | Non‐survivor (n = 15)/survivor (n = 87)/ |
| 51 | 2020/01/10–2020/02/22 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 5th version protocol from China | 93 | 51.0 ± 17.5 | 41 | Survivors (n = 68)/non‐survivors (n = 25) |
| 52 | 2020/01/20–2020/02/10 | Retrospective, observational study | Guangzhou, China | Trial 6th version protocol from China | 278 | 48.1 ± 17.0 | 130 | Mild (n = 250)/moderate (n = 211)/severe (n = 28)/critical (n = 14) |
| 53 | 2020/01/10–2020/02/15 | Retrospective, observational study | Hubei, China | Trial 7th version protocol from China | 85 | 59.4 ± 15.3 | 45 | General cases (n = 46)/severe and critical cases (n = 39) |
| 54 | 2020/01/31–2020/02/05 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 7th version protocol from China | 202 | 63 (51, 70) | 88 | non‐survival cases (n = 169)/survival cases (n = 33) |
| 55 | 2020/01/10–2020/03/13 | Retrospective, observational study | 8 provinces, China | Trial 6th version protocol from China | 703 | 46.1 ± 15.2 | 382 | Discharge cases (n = 659)/death cases (n = 33) |
| 56 | 2020/01/30–2020/02/11 | Retrospective cohort study | Huanggang, China | The WHO interim guidance the American Thoracic Society guidelines for community‐acquired pneumonia | 108 | 52 (37, 58) | 43 | Non‐severe (n = 83)/severe‐alive (n = 13)/severe‐dead (n = 12) |
| 57 | 2020/01–2020/02 | Retrospective cohort study | Beijing, China | Trial 6th version protocol from China | 80 | 51.2 ± 17.5 | 33 | Mild disease (n = 56)/severe (n = 24)/died (n = 3) |
| 58 | 2019/12/24–2020/01/28 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 5th version protocol from China | 109 | 52.5 ± 10.8 | 48 | Moderate cases (n = 65)/severe and critical cases (n = 44) |
| 59 | 2020/01/22–2020/02/18 | Retrospective, observational study | Anhui, China | Trial 6th version protocol from China | 79 | 45.1 ± 16.6 | 45 | General cases (n = 55)/severe and critical cases (n = 24) |
| 8 | 2020/01/24–2020/02/25 | Retrospective, observational study | Guangzhou, China | Trial 7th version protocol from China | 82 | 44.8 ± 15.6 | 48 | Moderate cases (n = 58)/severe and critical cases (n = 24) |
| 60 | 2020/01/20–2020/02/27 | Retrospective, observational study | Zhuzhou, China | Trial 5th version protocol from China | 80 | 47.8 ± 19 | 40 | Mild cases and moderate cases (n = 63)/severe cases and critical cases (n = 17) |
| 61 | 2020/01/20–2020/02/10 | Retrospective, observational study | Shanghai, China | Trial 6th version protocol from China | 292 | 49.9 ± 16.3 | 154 | Mild cases (n = 271)/severe cases (n = 21) |
| 62 | 2020/01/21–2020/02/11 | Retrospective, observational study | Beijing, China | Trial 6th version protocol from China | 74 | 52.7 ± 19.1 | 35 | Common cases (n = 56)/severe cases (n = 9)/critical severe cases (n = 9) |
| 63 | 2020/02–2020/03 | Retrospective, observational study | Tübingen, Germany | Real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction | 123 | 68 ± 15 | 77 | Non‐survivors (n = 16)/survivors (n = 107) |
| 64 | 2020/01/01–2020/02/23 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 6th version protocol from China | 671 | 63 (50, 72) | 322 | Death (n = 62)/survivors (n = 609) |
| 65 | 2020/02/21–2020/03/19 | Retrospective, observational study | Milan, Italy | WHO interim guidance | 233 | 61 (50, 72) | 161 | Survivors (n = 185)/non‐survivors (n = 48) |
| 66 | 2020/1/27 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 6th version protocol from China | 21 | 56 (50.0–65.0) | 17 | Severe cases (n = 11)/moderate cases (n = 10) |
| 67 | 2020/01/01–2020/01/30 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | RT‐PCR | 200 | Not mention | 99 | Alive cases (N = 166)/dead cases (N = 34) |
| 68 | 2020/02/01–2020/02/18 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | American Thoracic Society guidelines for community acquired pneumonia | 47 | 64.91 (31–87) | 26 | Non‐severe patients (N = 23)/severe patients (N = 24) |
| 69 | 2020/01/10–2020/02/13 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 5th version protocol from China | 204 | 49 (34–62) | 79 | Non‐severe (n = 135)/severe (n = 69) |
| 70 | 2020/01/30–2020/02/25 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 4th version protocol from China | 403 | 56 (39–68) | 193 | Died (n = 100)/recovered (n = 303) |
| 71 | 2020/01/21–2020/03/02 | Retrospective cohort study | Chongqing, China | Trial 5th version protocol from China | 84 | 48 (42.3–62.5) | 48 | Severe (n = 20)/non‐severe (n = 64) |
| 72 | 2020/01/17–2020/02/20 | Retrospective, observational study | Changsha, China | The severe cases of COVID‐19 were defined according to the following criteria: respiratory rate ≥30/min or oxygen saturation ≤93% or PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 mmHg or mechanical ventilation or intensive care unit or death. | 242 | 45 (1–84) | 99 | Severe (n = 37)/non‐severe (n = 205) |
| 73 | 2020/01/25–2020/02/25 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | WHO interim guideline | 344 | 64 (52–72) | 179 | Severely and critically ill patients survivors (n = 211)/non‐survivors (n = 133) |
| 74 | not mention | Retrospective, observational study | Anhui, China | Trial 5th version protocol from China | 167 | 42.31 (15.29) | 95 | Non‐severe (n = 137)/severe (n = 30) |
| 75 | 2020/01/20–2020/02/20 | Retrospective, observational study | Yancheng, Fuyang, Wuxi China | WHO interim guideline | 280 | 43.12 ± 19.02 | 151 | Mild‐and moderate type patients (n = 197)/severe‐and critically ill type patients (n = 83) |
| 76 | 2020/01/17–2020/02/07 | Retrospective, observational study | Changsha, China | Trial 5th version protocol from China | 161 | 45 (33.5, 57) | 80 | Non‐severe (N = 131)/severe (N = 30) |
| 77 | 2020/01/23–2020/02/08 | Retrospective, observational study | Chongqing, China | Trial 5th version protocol from China | 135 | 47 (36, 55) | 72 | Mild cases (n = 95)/severe cases (n = 40) |
| 78 | 2020/01/31–2020/02/05 | Retrospective, observational study | Wuhan, China | Trial 7th version protocol from China | 202 | 63 (51, 70) | 88 | Survivors (n = 169)/non‐survivors (n = 33) |
| 79 | 2020/03/10–2020/03/30 | Retrospective, observational study | England | RT‐PCR | 95 | 75 (59, 82) | 60 | Survivors (n = 75)/non‐survivors (n = 20) |
Note: The protocol from China: Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (the number of trial version) edited by the National Health Committee General Office; WHO interim guideline:Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when Novel coronavirus(nCoV) infection is suspected:2020 interim guidance.
Abbreviations: qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay; RT‐PCR, real‐time reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.