Table 2.
Mode of action and main effects of enzymes used in pig diets at weaning stage.
| Enzyme | Action Mode | Main Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mannanase | Improves the viscosity of the ileal digesta. | Increases AID of DM and NSPs. Lactobacillus and lactate count. | Kiarie et al., 2007 |
| Phytase | Improves AID of DM, GE, CP, starch, NSPs, Ca, P, inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), some AA (leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, alanine, cysteine, isoleucine, threonine, asparagine and serine) and phytate. ATTD of DM, GE, CP, starch, NSPs, phytate, Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, and Zn as well as in the retention of Mg and Zn. | -Increases ADG, ADFI and G: F ratio. Bone strength and plasma phosphorous concentrations. -Decreases fecal P excretion. Concentration of calcium in plasma, as well as the activity of alkaline phosphatase in plasma and bone. |
Omogbenigun et al., 2004; Zeng et al., 2011; Yáñez et al., 2013, 2014 |
| Protease | Improves AID of DM, GE, CP, starch, NSPs, phytate, isoleucine, valine and aspartic acid. ATTD of DM, GE, CP, starch, NSPs, phytate, and utilization of P. Nutrient digestibility and modification of microbial communities in the posterior intestine. Viscosity of the stomach digesta. Acetic, propionic and butyric acid concentrations in the cecum and colon. Volatile fatty acid concentrations and proportion of bacteria in the large intestine. Intestinal fermentation capacity and longer transit time. | -Increases ADG, ADFI and G: F ratio. Treponema and Barnesiella bacteria in the intestine. Population of Lactobacillus spp. and Bacillus spp. in the cecum. Amylase, lipase and protease in the small intestine. -Decreases fecal P excretion. Bacterias Prevotella, Butyricicoccus, Ruminococcus and Succinivibrio. E. coli population in the colon. Populations of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli spp. in the feces. NH3 emission in feces and blood creatinine level. |
Omogbenigun et al., 2004; Yi et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2014; Zuo et al., 2015; Tactacan et al., 2016; Recharla et al., 2019 |
| Xylanase | Improves ileal and stomach viscosity. Acetic, propionic and butyric acid concentrations in the cecum and colon. Volatile fatty acid concentrations and proportion of bacteria in the large intestine. ATTD of DM, NDF, ADF, CP, GE, starch, NSPs, phytate, and utilization of P. AID of DM, GE, CP, starch, NSPs, phytate, isoleucine, valine, and aspartic acid. Individual sugars (arabinose, xylose, mannose and glucose). Nutrient digestibility and modification of microbial communities in the posterior intestine. | -Increases ADG, ADFI, G: F ratio and FCR. Treponema and Barnesiella bacteria in the intestine. Population of Lactobacillus spp. and Bacillus spp. in the cecum. Amylase, lipase, lactate and protease in the small intestine. -Decreases fecal P excretion. Bacterias Prevotella, Butyricicoccus, Ruminococcus and Succinivibrio. E. coli population in the colon. Populations of Salmonella spp. and E. coli spp. in the feces. Lactobacillus spp. and bacterial metabolites in the stomach. Blood urea nitrogen concentration and fecal emission of NH3 and H2S. |
Omogbenigun et al., 2004; Zijlstra, Li, Owusu-Asiedu, Simmins, & Patience, 2004; ; Kiarie et al., 2007; Owusu-Asiedu, Simmins, Brufau, Lizardo & Péron, 2010; Yi et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2014; Lan et al., 2017; Li et al., 2018; Recharla et al., 2019 |
| Glucanase | Improves the viscosity of the ileal digesta. AID of DM, GE, CP, starch, NSPs, phytate, isoleucine, valine, and aspartic acid. ATTD of DM, ADF, GE, CP, starch, NSPs, phytate and utilization of P. Nutrient digestibility and modification of microbial communities in the posterior intestine. Individual sugars (arabinose, xylose, mannose and glucose). | -Increased Lactobacillus and lactate count. ADG, ADFI, G: F ratio and FCR. Treponema and Barnesiella bacteria in the intestine. -Decreases fecal P excretion. Bacterias Prevotella, Butyricicoccus, Ruminococcus and Succinivibrio. |
Omogbenigun et al., 2004; Zijlstra, Li, Owusu-Asiedu, Simmins, & Patience, 2004; Kiarie et al., 2007; Owusu-Asiedu et al., 2010; Li et al., 2018; Recharla et al., 2019 |
| Amylase | Improves AID of DM, GE, CP, starch, NSPs and phytate. ATTD of DM, GE, CP, starch, NSPs, phytate, and utilization of P. Nutrient digestibility and modification of microbial communities in the posterior intestine. Viscosity of the stomach digesta. Acetic, propionic and butyric acid concentrations in the cecum and colon. Volatile fatty acid concentrations and proportion of bacteria in the large intestine. | -Increases ADG, ADFI and G: Fratio. Treponema and Barnesiella bacteria in the intestine. Population of Lactobacillus spp. and Bacillus spp. in the cecum. -Decreases fecal P excretion. Bacterias Prevotella, Butyricicoccus, Ruminococcus and Succinivibrio. E. coli population in the colon. Populations of Salmonella spp. and E. coli spp. in the feces. |
Omogbenigun et al., 2004; Yi et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2014; Recharla et al., 2019 |
| Invertase | Improves AID of DM, GE, CP, starch, NSPs and phytate. ATTD of DM, GE, CP, starch, NSPs, phytate, and utilization of P. | -Increases ADG and G: F.ratio -Decreased fecal P excretion. |
Omogbenigun et al., 2004 |
| Cellulase | Improves the viscosity of the ileal digesta and the integrity of the intestinal barrier. | -Increases ADG, AID of DM and NSPs. ATTD of ADF. Lactobacillus and lactate count. | Kiarie et al., 2007; Li et al., 2018 |
| Pectinase, Galactanase |
Improves the viscosity of the ileal digesta. | -Increases AID of DM and NSPs. Lactobacillus and lactate count. | Kiarie et al., 2007 |
AID: Apparent ileal digestibility; DM: Dry matter; NSPs: Non-starch polysaccharides; GE: Gross energy; CP: Crude protein; ATTD: Apparent total tract digestibility; P: Phosphorus; ADG: Average daily weight gain; G:F ratio: Gain Feed ratio; ADF: Acid detergent fiber; NDF: Neutral detergent fiber; FCR: Feed conversion ratio; ADFI: Average daily feed intake; Ca: Calcium; AA: Amino acids; Na: Sodium; K: Potassium; Mg: Magnesium; Zn: Zinc; N: Nitrogen; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen.