Table 2.

The overall effect size of Triple P on the outcomes.

	k	Pooled SMD	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	I2	Tau2	Tau
1. Social competence in child	6	0.274	0.025	0.523	0.0%	0.000	0.000
2. Emotional problems in child	13	−0.254	−0.476	−0.031	65.0%	0.102	0.319
3. Behavioral problems in child-Total	17	−1.380	−2.161	−0.599	97.3%	2.508	1.584
3.1 Problem	15	−0.467	−0.631	−0.303	42.5%	0.042	0.205
3.2 Intensity	17	−0.378	−0.501	−0.255	15.6%	0.010	0.100
4. Parenting Style-Total	18	−0.460	−0.717	−0.203	83.3%	0.249	0.499
4.1 Laxness	15	−0.482	−0.653	−0.310	50.9%	0.056	0.237
4.2 Overreactivity	15	−0.480	−0.645	−0.315	47.3%	0.048	0.219
4.3 Verbosity	10	−0.639	−0.878	−0.399	59.6%	0.084	0.290
5. Conflict over Parenting-Total	6	−0.311	−0.515	−0.106	11.4%	0.008	0.089
5.1 Problem	8	−0.333	−0.638	−0.029	69.0%	0.127	0.356
5.2 Extent	9	−0.268	−0.511	−0.025	57.8%	0.076	0.276
6. Parenting Confidence-Total	28	0.419	0.309	0.530	32.1%	0.027	0.164
6.1 Behavior	14	0.491	0.339	0.643	34.3%	0.028	0.167
6.2 Setting	9	0.304	0.111	0.497	32.1%	0.028	0.167
7. Parental Adjustment-Total	15	−0.265	−0.402	−0.128	19.3%	0.014	0.118
7.1 Depression	15	−0.571	−1.003	−0.139	94.3%	0.660	0.812
7.2 Anxiety	14	−0.278	−0.427	−0.128	48.7%	0.034	0.184
7.3 Stress	14	−0.582	−1.055	−0.108	95.0%	0.748	0.865
8. Parent-Child relationships	5	−0.714	−1.292	−0.135	85.2%	0.368	0.607
9. Relationship Satisfaction of parents	9	0.063	−0.228	0.354	64.4%	0.126	0.355

k, number of studies; SMD, standard mean difference; CI, confidence interval; I², the variation in SMD attributable to heterogeneity; Tau², the estimation of the between-study variance.