. 2021 Aug 26;12:709851. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.709851

Table 3.

The results of the subgroup analysis.

Outcomes	Sources of heterogeneity	Subgroup differences	Categories	k	*pooled SMD*	*lower 95% CI*	*upper 95% CI*	z	P
Emotional problems in children	Developmental/ Behavioral problems	P = 0.02	Yes	9	−0.355	−0.733	0.023	1.84	0.066
			No	4	−0.314	−0.565	−0.062	2.45	0.014*
	Level of Triple P	P < 0.001	Third level	4	0.088	−0.129	0.304	0.79	0.427
			Fourth level	8	−0.612	−0.946	−0.278	3.59	0.000^***
	Delivery format	P < 0.001	Face to face + telephone	4	−0.761	−1.040	−0.481	5.34	0.000^***
			Face to face	6	−0.234	−0.654	0.186	1.09	0.274
			Online	2	−0.151	−0.714	0.411	0.53	0.598
	Service method	P < 0.001	Group	5	−0.230	−0.722	0.262	0.92	0.359
			Self-directed	2	−0.151	−0.714	0.411	0.53	0.598
			Group + case	4	−0.761	−1.040	−0.481	5.34	0.000^***
	Country	P < 0.001	Australia	8	−0.221	−0.563	0.121	1.27	0.205
			Other countries	4	−0.529	−1.019	−0.040	2.12	0.034^*
Behavioral Problems in Children	Level of Triple P	P < 0.001	Third level	3	0.143	−0.304	0.590	0.63	0.531
			Fourth level	12	−0.758	−1.184	−0.332	3.49	0.000^***
	Delivery format	P < 0.001	Face to face + telephone	8	−3.004	−4.721	−1.288	3.43	0.001^***
			Face to face	7	−0.408	−1.022	0.206	1.30	0.193
			Online + telephone	2	−0.015	−0.400	0.370	0.08	0.938
	Service method	P < 0.001	Case	3	−0.017	−0.603	0.569	0.06	0.956
			Group	4	−0.695	−1.618	0.228	1.48	0.14
			Group + case	9	−2.676	−4.267	−1.086	3.3	0.001^***
	Setting	P < 0.001	Community	2	−0.377	−0.931	0.178	1.33	0.183
			Hospital and clinic	6	−3.928	−6.437	−1.419	3.07	0.002^**
			University	4	−1.055	−1.751	−0.359	2.97	0.003^**
			Online	2	−0.015	−0.400	0.370	0.08	0.938
			Health care center	2	0.203	−0.536	0.941	0.54	0.590
Parenting	Level of Triple P	P < 0.001	Third level	6	0.013	−0.381	0.407	0.06	0.949
Style			Fourth level	10	−0.615	−0.855	−0.376	5.04	0.000^***
	Delivery format	P < 0.001	Face to face + telephone	7	−0.917	−1.208	−0.626	6.18	0.000^***
			Face to face	8	−0.088	−0.404	0.227	0.55	0.584
			Online + telephone	2	−0.443	−0.737	−0.150	2.96	0.003^**
	Service method	P < 0.001	Case	2	0.468	−0.611	1.547	0.85	0.395
			Group	6	−0.287	−0.503	−0.072	2.62	0.009^**
			Group + case	7	−0.917	−1.208	−0.626	6.18	0.000^***
			Self-directed + case	2	−0.443	−0.737	−0.150	2.96	0.003^**
	Setting	P < 0.001	Community	4	−0.322	−0.554	−0.090	2.72	0.007^**
			Hospital and clinic	4	−0.703	−1.344	−0.061	2.15	0.032^*
			University	2	−0.609	−0.907	−0.312	4.01	0.000^***
			Online	3	−0.528	−0.775	−0.281	4.19	0.000^***
			Health care center	2	0.468	−0.611	1.547	0.85	0.395
			University and community	2	−0.515	−1.419	0.388	1.12	0.264
Conflict over	Level of Triple P	p = 0.13	Third level	3	−0.363	−1.085	0.358	0.99	0.324
Parenting			Fourth level	5	−0.349	−0.645	−0.052	2.31	0.021^*
	Setting	P = 0.08	Community	4	−0.478	−0.947	−0.009	2.00	0.046^*
Parent-Child			Online	2	−0.205	−0.854	0.444	0.62	0.535
Relationship	Level	–	Fourth level	4	−0.904	−1.528	−0.280	2.84	0.005^**

We conducted a subgroup analysis of the outcomes with high heterogeneity (Q test is significant, p < 0.05 and I² ≥ 50%). The results of subgroup analysis of only one study were not presented in this Table. k, number of studies; SMD, standard mean difference; CI, confidence interval;

p < 0.05

^**

p < 0.01.

^***

p < 0.001.