Table 3.
Weighted national prevalence of GDM in pregnant women in 16 MENA countries by study period and overall.
| Country/study period | No. of studies | Tested sample | GDM | GDM prevalence | Heterogeneity measures | p–value4 (fixed model) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Range (%) | Median (%) | Weighted prevalence % | 95% CI | Q (p–value)1 | I2 (%)2 | 95% prediction interval (%)3 | |||||
| Algeria | — | ||||||||||
| 2010–2019 | 1 | 200 | 6 | — | — | 3.0 | 1.4–6.4 | — | — | — | |
| Bahrain | <0.001 (<0.001) | ||||||||||
| 2000–2009 | 2 | 10,495 | 1,394 | 7.5–15.5 | 11.5 | 13.0 | 12.4–13.7 | — | — | — | |
| 2010–2019 | 9 | 49,552 | 4,982 | 6.9–13.3 | 9.5 | 9.7 | 8.1–11.6 | 352.4 (p<0.001) | 97.7 | 4.2 – 17.2 | |
| Overall | 11 | 60,047 | 6,376 | 6.9–15.5 | 9.5 | 10.0 | 8.3–11.9 | 572.3 (p<0.001) | 98.3 | 4.0–18.3 | |
| Egypt | 0.21 (0.002) | ||||||||||
| 2010–2019 | 4 | 1,239 | 184 | 5.9–26.3 | 11.2 | 13.5 | 6.2–21.8 | 49.9 (p<0.001) | 94.0 | 0.0–63.8 | |
| Overlapping | 2 | 308 | 24 | 7.6–7.9 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 5.0–11.1 | — | — | — | |
| Overall | 6 | 1,547 | 208 | 5.9–26.3 | 9.0 | 11.2 | 6.2–17.4 | 59.7 (p<0.001) | 91.6 | 0.0–37.7 | |
| Iran | 0.07 (<0.001) | ||||||||||
| 2000–2009 | 16 | 7,343 | 492 | 2.2–24.4 | 7.4 | 8.2 | 5.9–11.0 | 215.3 (p<0.001) | 93.0 | 0.8–21.9 | |
| 2010–2019 | 39 | 21,028 | 2,235 | 0.0–50.0 | 9.2 | 12.3 | 9.0–16.0 | 2,135 (p<0.001) | 98.2 | 0.0–41.0 | |
| Overlapping | 9 | 1,388 | 166 | 5.9–28.6 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 8.2–19.7 | 67.8 (p<0.001) | 88.2 | 0.3–38.4 | |
| Overall | 64 | 29,759 | 2,893 | 0.0–50.0 | 8.8 | 11.4 | 9.2–13.9 | 2,491 (p<0.001) | 97.5 | 0.1–35.8 | |
| Iraq | — | ||||||||||
| 2010–2019 | 4 | 383 | 35 | 2.6–24.5 | 14.2 | 11.5 | 3.3–23.3 | 24.5 (p<0.001) | 87.8 | 0.0–76.6 | |
| Jordan | — | ||||||||||
| 2010–2019 | 6 | 43,847 | 604 | 1.2–31.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 3.0–6.7 | 193.7 (p<0.001) | 97.4 | 0.4–12.5 | |
| Lebanon | — | ||||||||||
| 2010–2019 | 2 | 211 | 23 | 6.5–15.4 | 11.0 | 10.5 | 6.7–15.1 | — | — | — | |
| Libya | — | ||||||||||
| Overlapping | 1 | 28,140 | 405 | – | – | 1.4 | 1.3–1.6 | — | — | — | |
| Morocco | — | ||||||||||
| 2010–2019 | 2 | 1,880 | 393 | 13.3–18.3 | 15.8 | 15.5 | 13.9–17.2 | — | — | — | |
| Oman | <0.001 (<0.001) | ||||||||||
| 2000–2009 | 2 | 1,345 | 44 | 2.9–4.4 | 3.7 | 3.2 | 2.3–4.2 | — | — | — | |
| 2010–2019 | 10 | 2,757 | 344 | 3.1–17.9 | 11.2 | 11 | 8.0–15.0 | 59.2 (p<0.001) | 84.8 | 1.9–25.8 | |
| Overlapping | 2 | 147 | 24 | 9.9–26.8 | 18.3 | 15.5 | 10–21.9 | – | – | – | |
| Overall | 14 | 4,249 | 412 | 2.9–26.8 | 10.3 | 10.1 | 6.5–14.3 | 184.5 (p<0.001) | 93.0 | 0.2–29.7 | |
| Qatar | 0.65 (0.59) | ||||||||||
| 2000–2009 | 2 | 150 | 35 | 12.0–34.7 | 23.3 | 22.3 | 15.9–29.4 | – | – | – | |
| 2010–2019 | 17 | 21,513 | 4,772 | 2.4–47.0 | 22.5 | 20.5 | 14.8–26.9 | 1,869.0 (p<0.001) | 99.1 | 1.6–52.6 | |
| Overall | 19 | 21,663 | 4,807 | 2.4–47.0 | 22.5 | 20.7 | 15.2–26.7 | 1,880.3 (p<0.001) | 99.0 | 1.7–52.4 | |
| Saudi Arabia | 0.02 (<0.001) | ||||||||||
| 2000–2009 | 16 | 17,499 | 1,286 | 0.0–50.7 | 7.2 | 10.8 | 6.2–16.5 | 1,330.5 (p<0.001) | 98.9 | 0.0–41.1 | |
| 2010–2019 | 32 | 44,918 | 9,331 | 2.1–34.6 | 17.6 | 18.2 | 15.9–20.6 | 1,116.5 (p<0.001) | 97.2 | 7.1–32.9 | |
| Overall | 48 | 62,417 | 10,617 | 0.0–50.7 | 16.1 | 15.5 | 12.6–18.8 | 4,989.3 (p<0.001) | 99.1 | 1.0–41.9 | |
| Sudan | — | ||||||||||
| 2010–2019 | 3 | 411 | 94 | 12.0–46.2 | 15.1 | 23.0 | 3.3–45.2 | 47.2 (p<0.001) | 95.8 | — | |
| Tunisia | — | ||||||||||
| 2010–2019 | 1 | 821 | 76 | — | — | 9.3 | 7.5–11.4 | — | — | — | |
| United Arab Emirates | 0.3 (<0.001) | ||||||||||
| 2000–2009 | 7 | 18,738 | 3,402 | 7.1–30.7 | 13.4 | 15.5 | 9.2–23.0 | 736.7 (p<0.001) | 99.2 | 0.2–46.9 | |
| 2010–2019 | 7 | 4,578 | 530 | 4.0–19.1 | 13.3 | 11.3 | 7.6–15.69 | 87.8 (p<0.001) | 93.2 | 1.3–28.8 | |
| Overall | 14 | 23,316 | 3,932 | 4.0–30.7 | 13.3 | 13.4 | 9.4–18.0 | 945.1 (p<0.001) | 98.6 | 1.1–35.6 | |
| Yemen | |||||||||||
| 2010–2019 | 2 | 311 | 16 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Overall5 | 198 | 279,202 | 30,797 | 0.0–50.7 | 12.3 | 13.0 | 11.5–14.6 | 28,154 (p<0.001) | 99.3 | 0.1–40.6 | — |
CI, confidence interval calculated using the exact binomial method; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; MENA, Middle East and North Africa.
1Q: Cochran’s Q statistic is a measure assessing the existence of heterogeneity in estimates of GDM prevalence.
2I2 is a measure assessing the percentage of between-study variation due to differences in GDM prevalence estimates across studies rather than chance.
3Prediction intervals estimate the 95% confidence interval in which the true GDM prevalence estimate in a new study is expected to fall.
4Heterogeneity between subgroups using random-effects model (fixed-effect model).
5Overall pooled estimates in the 16 countries regardless of the tested population, sample size, and data collection period, using the most updated criteria when GDM is ascertained using different criteria in the same population.