Figure 1.

Algorithm for initial or replacement CIED procedural group classification. Medical history considered was defined as that occurring within a minimum of 12 months prior to the index CIED procedure. De novo implants or generator replacements of pacemakers, ICDs, or CRT devices were assigned to the Pacemaker, ICD, and CRT categories, respectively, in the determination of the PADIT score. *Data and outliers cleaning process: excluded patients had more than 10 index procedures/dates; excluded records which index procedure is removal only; if records had multiple index procedures dates with same claims ID, they were only considered as one index procedure; for duplicated or overlapped records, they were combined and considered as one index procedure; if patients had multiple index procedures during the same inpatient admission, only the last one was considered, and so on. **If records with missing value for key variables in raw data, for example, place of service variable. ***Place of service in inpatient hospital, outpatient hospital, or ambulatory surgical centre. CIED, cardiac implantable electronic device; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy device; ICD, implantable cardiac defibrillator.