Table 3. Changes From T1 to T2 in Primary and Secondary Outcome Measuresa.
| Measure | Intervention group (n = 202) | Control group (n = 201) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Δ Mean (95% CI) | Mean (SD) | Δ Mean (95% CI) | |||
| Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 1 | Time 2 | |||
| EPDS scoreb,c | 16.47 (4.41) | 11.65 (4.83) | −4.82 (−5.72 to −3.91)b | 15.92 (4.54) | 14.04 (4.54) | −1.88 (−2.76 to −0.99) |
| GAD-7 scoreb,d | 12.41 (5.12) | 7.97 (5.54) | −4.44 (−5.47 to −3.38)b | 12.35 (5.10) | 10.76 (5.10) | −1.59 (−2.62 to −0.61) |
| SPS scoreb | 74.49 (11.23) | 77.8 (11.94) | 3.31 (1.04 to 5.57)b | 74.99 (11.77) | 75.97 (11.91) | 0.98 (−1.32 to 3.32) |
| PBQ-IB scoreb | 12.64 (7.53) | 9.42 (7.82) | −3.22 (−4.72 to −1.71)b | 13.08 (7.37) | 11.09 (7.51) | −1.99 (−3.46 to −0.53) |
| PBQ-RPA scoreb | 6.76 (4.97) | 4.91 (5.26) | −1.85 (−2.85 to −0.85)b | 6.55 (4.96) | 5.46 (4.96) | −1.09 (−2.06 to −0.11) |
| PBQ-IFA scoreb | 5.35 (3.13) | 3.71 (3.27) | −1.64 (−2.25 to 1.00)b | 5.32 (3.12) | 4.79 (3.12) | −0.53 (−0.08 to −1.14) |
| IBQ-R-PA/SUR score | 4.28 (1.28) | 4.59 (1.28) | 0.31 (0.05 to 0.56)b | 4.25 (1.28) | 4.00 (1.28) | −0.25 (−0.49 to −0.01) |
| IBQ-R-NA scoree | 3.78 (1.28) | 3.62 (1.28) | −0.16 (−0.40 to 0.08) | 3.98 (1.28) | 3.50 (1.28) | −0.48 (−0.72 to −0.23)b |
| IBQ-R-ORC score | 5.38 (0.85) | 5.27 (0.85) | −0.11 (−0.27 to −0.05) | 5.27 (0.85) | 5.04 (0.85) | −0.23 (−0.39 to −0.06) |
Abbreviations: Abbreviations: EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; GAD-7, 7-item General Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire; IB, impaired bonding; IBQ-R, Infant Behavior Questionnaire–Revised Very Short Form; IFA, infant-focused anxiety; NA, negative emotionality; ORC, orienting/regulatory capacity; PA/SUR, positive affectivity/surgency; PBQ, Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire; RPA, rejection and pathological anger; SPS, Social Provisions Scale.
Analyses were conducted using linear mixed models controlling for workshop facilitator as a fixed effect, yielding estimated marginal means.
Statistically significant (P < .05) mean difference and group × time interaction.
For the EPDS score, 105 of 165 participants (64%) in the experimental group vs 57 of 192 participants (30%) in the control group had a clinically significant change (>4 points).
For the GAD-7 score, 92 of 161 participants (57%) in the experimental group vs 58 of 190 participants (31%) in the control group had a clinically significant change (>4 points).
Control group participants reported a significant change in IBQ-R-NA scores over time, whereas experimental group participants did not.