Table 3. Univariate and Multivariate Analyses of Factors Associated With Opioid Consumption Among All Patients.
| Variable | Opioids consumed (n = 44) | No opioids consumed (n = 55) | Univariate P value | Multivariate OR (95% CI) | Multivariate P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR), y | 49 (39-63) | 46 (41-61) | .19 | NA | NA |
| BMI, median (IQR) | 28.8 (24.6-31.5) | 25.0 (21.7-29.5) | .003 | 1.11 (1.01-1.23) | .03 |
| Male sex, No. (%) | 9 (20.5) | 11 (20.0) | .96 | NA | NA |
| History of narcotic use, No. (%) | 38 (86.4) | 30 (54.5) | .001 | 4.80 (1.51-18.45) | .01 |
| Positive PHQ-2, No. (%) | 16 (36.4) | 18 (32.7) | .39 | NA | NA |
| Preoperative cancer diagnosis, No. (%) | 14 (31.8) | 14 (25.5) | .49 | NA | NA |
| Surgical procedure, No. (%) | |||||
| Parathyroidectomya | 15 (34.1) | 27 (49.1) | NA | NA | NA |
| Thyroid lobectomy | 14 (31.8) | 19 (34.5) | .55 | 0.65 (0.15-4.14) | .55 |
| Total thyroidectomy | 15 (34.1) | 9 (16.4) | .04 | 1.46 (0.28-7.57) | .65 |
| Operative time, median (IQR), min | 77 (59.8-98) | 73 (57.5-93) | .20 | NA | NA |
| Incision length, cm | 4 (3-4) | 3 (2.5-4) | .02 | 1.83 (0.84-4.14) | .13 |
| Overnight stay, No. (%) | 19 (43.2) | 21 (38.2) | .62 | NA | NA |
| Inpatient OME given, median (IQR) | 68 (49.3-91.1) | 45 (30-60) | .02 | NA | NA |
| Inpatient postoperative pain score, median (IQR) | |||||
| 4-h Postoperative pain | 3 (0-4) | 0 (0-3) | .07 | NA | NA |
| Last recorded pain | 2 (0-4) | 0 (0-2) | .01 | NA | NA |
| Highest postoperative pain | 7 (6-8) | 4 (2-6) | <.001 | 1.24 (1.04-1.52) | .02 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); IQR, interquartile range; NA, not applicable; OME, oral morphine equivalents; OR, odds ratio; PHQ-2, Patient Health Questionnaire-2.
a
Reference variable.