Table 1.

Patterns in loneliness across sample characteristics and key EMA social and physical context (n=342; 12,793 EMAs)

Respondent-level (N=342)	Demographic characteristics	Loneliness mean (range 1–4), within respondent
	Proportion or Mean (SD)	Mean	SD	p
Gender				***
Men	0.40	1.30	0.52
Women	0.60	1.14	0.29
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	0.27	1.20	0.37
Non-Hispanic Black	0.51	1.21	0.42
Non-Black Hispanic	0.22	1.20	0.40
Education
Less than high school	0.28	1.28	0.47
High school	0.20	1.18	0.44
Some college	0.24	1.21	0.39
College +	0.28	1.15	0.27
Self-reported health status (baseline)				***
Excellent/very good	0.37	1.11	0.20
Good	0.41	1.21	0.40
Fair/poor	0.23	1.32	0.54
Marital status (baseline)				*
Not married	0.68	1.24	0.44
Married	0.32	1.12	0.30
Employment status (baseline)
Employed, any	0.20	1.22	0.38
Not employed	0.80	1.20	0.41
Age	73.69
Household composition (baseline)
Live alone				*
Yes	0.59	1.28	0.49
No	0.41	1.16	0.36
Household size	1.77 (0.84)
EMA-level (N=12,793)	Real-time context	Loneliness means (range 1–4), by context
	%	Mean	SD	p
Physical context				***
Home	0.74	1.20	0.39
At work	0.04	1.14	0.21
In transit	0.09	1.18	0.33
Someplace else	0.13	1.19	0.38
Social context
Alone				***
Yes	0.52	1.26	0.45
No	0.48	1.13	0.27
Who with (not mutually exclusive)
Spouse/partner	0.14	1.07	0.19
Family member	0.20	1.14	0.29
Friend	0.09	1.15	0.29
Pet	0.06	1.09	0.16
Other	0.04	1.15	0.25

Note. SD = standard deviation. Measures of loneliness are coded so that higher values are more lonely. Results are from t-tests and ANOVA tests of significance of group means.

^*p<.05

^**p<.01

^***p<.001.