Table 2.
Multilevel models reporting coefficients (standard errors) for loneliness regressed on demographic characteristics and context.
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | ||||||
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| EMA-level | ||||||||||
| Physical context (ref: home) | ||||||||||
| At work | −0.11 | *** | ||||||||
| (0.02) | ||||||||||
| In transit | −0.04 | *** | ||||||||
| (0.01) | ||||||||||
| Someplace else | −0.04 | *** | ||||||||
| (0.01) | ||||||||||
| Social context (ref: alone) | ||||||||||
| Alone | 0.07 (0.01) |
*** | ||||||||
| Social context (ref: alone) | ||||||||||
| Spouse/partner | −0.02 | |||||||||
| (0.01) | ||||||||||
| Family | −0.07 (0.01) |
*** | ||||||||
| Friend | −0.06 (0.01) |
*** | ||||||||
| Pet | −0.02 | |||||||||
| (0.02) | ||||||||||
| Other | −0.08 (0.02) |
*** | ||||||||
| Health status (ref: excellent/very good) | ||||||||||
| Good | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||||||
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |||||||
| Fair/poor | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | |||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Married/partnered | −0.06 | * | −0.06 | * | −0.05 | * | −0.05 | * | ||
| (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | |||||||
| Employment status | ||||||||||
| Employed (any) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||||||
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |||||||
| Respondent-level | ||||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Female | −0.14 | *** | −0.14 | *** | −0.13 | *** | −0.13 | *** | ||
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |||||||
| Race (ref: Non-Hispanic White) | ||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | −0.02 | −0.03 | −0.02 | −0.02 | ||||||
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |||||||
| Non-Black Hispanic | −0.06 | −0.07 | −0.07 | −0.07 | ||||||
| (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | |||||||
| Education (ref: less than high school) | ||||||||||
| High school | −0.03 | −0.03 | −0.03 | −0.03 | ||||||
| (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | |||||||
| Some college | −0.05 | −0.05 | −0.05 | −0.05 | ||||||
| (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | |||||||
| College + | −0.10 | * | −0.10 | * | −0.10 | * | −0.10 | * | ||
| (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | |||||||
| Age at baseline | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | |||||||
| Previous loneliness report | 0.23 | *** | 0.23 | *** | 0.23 | *** | 0.23 | *** | ||
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |||||||
| Constant | 1.20 | *** | 1.30 | *** | 1.35 | *** | 1.24 | *** | 1.30 | *** |
| (0.02) | (0.20) | (0.20) | (0.20) | (0.20) | ||||||
| Variance components | ||||||||||
| EMA-level variance | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | |||||
| Respondent-level variance | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | |||||
| Additional information | ||||||||||
| ICC | 0.54 | |||||||||
| Log likelihood | −5606.99 | −5277.17 | −5254.6 | −5230.68 | −5234.48 | |||||
| Pseudo R2 | 0.00 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.34 | |||||
| Number of EMA observations | 12451 | 12451 | 12451 | 12451 | 12451 | |||||
| Number of respondents | 342 | 342 | 342 | 342 | 342 | |||||
Note. Standard errors are presented below estimates. Measures of loneliness are coded so that higher values represent greater loneliness.
†
p<.10
*
p<.05
**
p<.01
***
p<.001.