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. 2021 Aug 26;12:693071. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2021.693071

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Copyright © 2021 Lemoine.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The evolution of the hallmarks of aging. The 20 layers of aging are represented in the order of appearance in evolution from cellular organisms to bilaterians (from the earliest at the bottom to the latest at the top). The colors of the layers correspond to the original 9 “synthetic” hallmarks of aging. Clades are represented in the gray zones along with corresponding model organisms. The sets of layers of unicellular aging and metacellular aging are represented.