Table 1.
Baseline Demographics of the Analytic Sample (N = 8529) and Characteristics of the Hearing Categories
| No Hearing Loss (N = 6478) | Untreated Hearing Loss (N = 949) | Treated Hearing Loss (N = 1102) | Total (N = 8529) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD or N (%) | X 2, p Value | ||||
| Age | 72.8 ± 7.5 | 75.2 ± 8.0 | 78.9 ± 7.8 | 73.9 ± 7.9 | X 2(6) = 443.17, p < .0001 |
| 60–69 | 2403 (37.1) | 265 (27.9) | 155 (14.1) | 2823 (33.1) | |
| 70–79 | 2783 (43.0) | 394 (41.5) | 388 (35.2) | 3565 (41.8) | |
| 80–89 | 1161 (17.92) | 253 (26.7) | 466 (42.3) | 1880 (22.0) | |
| 90+ | 131 (2.0) | 37 (3.9) | 93 (8.4) | 260 (3.06) | |
| Sex | X 2(2) = 84.00, p < .0001 | ||||
| Males | 2159 (33.3) | 400 (42.2) | 557 (50.5) | 3117 (36.6) | |
| Females | 4319 (66.7) | 549 (57.85) | 545 (49.5) | 5412 (63.45) | |
| Race/ethnicity | X 2(8) = 80.75, p < .0001 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 4863 (75.1) | 712 (75.0) | 1,008 (91.5) | 6583 (77.2) | |
| Non-Hispanic African American | 1039 (16.0) | 145 (15.3) | 44 (4.0) | 1228 (14.4) | |
| Hispanic | 392 (6.1) | 69 (7.3) | 32 (2.9) | 493 (5.8) | |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 134 (2.1) | 19 (2.0) | 14 (1.3) | 167 (2.0) | |
| Other (including American Indian, Native Hawaiian, missing) | 50 (0.77) | 4 (0.42) | 4 (0.36) | 58 (0.68) | |
| Years of schooling* | 15.5 (3.1) | 15.5 (3.4) | 16.0 (2.9) | 15.6 (3.1) | X 2(2) = 9.57, p = .0084 |
| APOE genotype | X 2(6) = 14.99, p = .0203 | ||||
| Lowest risk (no ε4 alleles) | 4125 (63.7) | 657 (69.2) | 747 (67.8) | 5529 (64.8) | |
| Intermediate (1 ε4 allele) | 1682 (26.0) | 193 (20.3) | 260 (23.6) | 2135 (25.0) | |
| High risk (2 ε4 alleles) | 148 (2.3) | 13 (1.4) | 20 (1.8) | 181 (2.1) | |
| Missing | 523 (8.1) | 86 (9.1) | 75 (6.8) | 684 (8.0) | |
| Duration follow-up (months) | 67. 5 ± 33.5 | 66.9 ±34.3 | 64.2 ± 32.9 | 67.0 ± 33.5 | X 2(2) = 0.76, p = .6839 |
| Depression† at baseline | 476 (7.3) | 72 (7.6) | 65 (5.9) | 613 (7.2) | X 2(2) = 0.95, p = .6217 |
| GDS† score at baseline | 1.37 ± 2.07 | 1.42 ± 2.10 | 1.33 ± 1.86 | 1.37 ± 2.05 | |
| Depression† during follow-up‡ | 949 (14.7) | 160 (16.9) | 193 (17.5) | 1302 (15.3) | |
| Mean time to dementia (months) | 66.9 ± 33.5 | 66.6 ± 34.2 | 63.1 ± 32.9 | 65.4 ± 33.6 | |
| Proportion converting to dementia | 335 (5.2) | 53 (5.6) | 110 (10.0) | 498 (5.8) | |
Notes: SD = standard deviation.
*Years of schooling measured as a continuous variable (range 0–29).
†Depression = 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) ≥ 5.
‡Depression during follow-up that occurred prior to dementia diagnosis. One hundred fifty-eight participants had missing data on depression during follow-up.