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. 2021 Aug 26;15:698501. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.698501

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Copyright © 2021 Kalamari, Kentrop, Hinna Danesi, Graat, van IJzendoorn, Bakermans-Kranenburg, Joëls and van der Veen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) recorded during the first (FR1) trial of the Escape to Box 1 configuration, in the complex housing experiment. Vocalizations are presented as the percentage of time rats emit these USVs. Per experimental group, 24 pairs of rats were included of which four rats (three complex housed and one standard housed rat) did not liberate their cage mates (data points depicted in orange). For a proper comparison of USVs before and after door opening, these data points were not included in the statistical analysis. (A) 22 kHz (alarm) calls and (B) 50 kHz (appetitive) calls before and after liberation for standard and complex housed rats. (C) The relation between 22 kHz vocalizations (before liberation) and liberation latency and (D) the relation between 50 kHz vocalizations (before liberation) and liberation latency. SH, standard housed (black line); CH, complex housed (dashed line). Data represent individual data points and mean ± SEM.