Table 1.
Summary of studies on the difference between ferroptosis and other types of cell death
| Cell death | Ferroptosis | Apoptosis | Necroptosis | Pyroptosis | Autophagy | Necrosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Programmed | Programmed | Programmed | Programmed | Programmed | Non programmed |
| Morphological features | Mitochondrial atrophy, increased mitochondrial membrane density and outer mitochondrial membrane rupture | Cell shrinkage, intact cell membrane and organelle structure, nuclear break | Cell volume increases and deformation, cell membrane rupture, and organelle deformation | Cell volume increase, cell membrane rupture, chromatin shrinkage | Vacuoles production, intact cell membrane, autophagosomes and phagocytic organelle formation | Cell swelling, cell membrane rupture, deformation or swelling of organelles |
| Biochemical features | Inhibition of system Xc-/GSH/GPX4 axis, iron accumulation, ROS production and lipid peroxidation | Oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation | Phosphorylated MLKL translocates to the inside of the cell membrane and destroys the integrity of the cell membrane | Activation of caspase and gasdermin and release of pro-inflammatory factors | Autophagosome formation and increased lysosome activity | Reduced ATP levels Activation of RIP1, RIP3, PARP1 |
| Regulatory pathways | system Xc-/GSH/GPX4 axis, ATG5/7-NCOA4 pathway, Keap1-NRF2 pathway, P53-SAT1-ALOX15 pathway | Caspase, P53, Bcl-2 mediated signalling pathway, death receptor pathway, mitochondrial pathway, endoplasmic reticulum pathway | TNF-α/TNFR1/RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL | caspase-1, IL-18, IL-1β, GSDMD | mTOR, RAS, MAPK-ERK-BCL2 signalling pathway | RIP1/RIP3-MLKL related signalling pathways, PKC/MAPK/AP-1 related signalling pathway, ROS signalling pathway, |
| Inducers | Erastin, P53, RSL3, ATF4, NEDD4L | FASL, DCC, UNC5B | TNF-α, RIP3, RIP1, LPS, DNA damage, hypoxia | ZnO—NPs, Ivermectin | Valproate, carbamazepine, PINK1/2, rapamycin, arsenic trioxide, ULK1 |
TNF-α strong acid, strong alkali, toxic substance, high heat, radiation, PAMPS |
| Inhibitors | BSO, NFE2L2, RRM2, CA-1 | c-IAP1, c-IAP2, XIAP, ML-IAP/Livin, hILP, NAIP, Z-VADFMK | caspase-8, TBK1, IKKε, RARγ, Necrostatin-1 | Necrosulfonami-de | ATG4B, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, Spautin-1, Bafilomycin A1, hydroxychloroquine | Nec-1, Kongensin-A, NSA, |