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. 2021 Sep 9;19:275. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-01014-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Antibacterial activities of different concentrations of CuNA and GelMA composite hydrogels (a, b) The antibacterial rate of different concentrations of CuNA against E. coli and S. aureus after 24 and 48 h contact time. c The inhibition zone of different divalent ions cross-linked GelMA hydrogels against E. coli and S. aureus photographed by the digital camera after 48 h. d, e Antibacterial rate of different GelMA composites is represented by the inhibitory zone diameter. Scale bar is 10 mm. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). (*p < 0.05, **<0.01, **<0.001 compared to the 3% CuNA@GelMA)