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. 2021 Sep 9;19:275. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-01014-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Cell attachment and spreading behavior, migration and tubule formation activities Cellular merged fluorescent images of HUVEC (a) and NIH/3T3 cells (b) on GelMA, CuNA@GelMA and CuNA-bFGF@GelMA hydrogels after 2 days post-seeding. F-actin (red), vinculin (green), nuclei (blue). c The migration evaluation of different ionic extraction on HUVEC and NIH/3T3 cells after incubation for 24 h by the transwell method. d The tube formation of HUVEC on matrigel after incubation with ionic extraction for 4 h. The migration number of HUVEC (e) and NIH/3T3 cells (f) compared to the control group. g The relative tube formation of HUVEC cultured in different ionic extraction. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). (*p < 0.05, **<0.01, **<0.001 compared to the control)