Table 8.
Summary of results by domain and association
|
Domain |
Association |
OR |
CI |
N |
I2 % |
τ2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Individual |
Violent delinquency |
5.83 |
5.12 – 6.63 |
6 |
48 |
0.010 |
|
Alcohol and soft drugs (risk) |
3.23 |
2.57 – 4.07 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Gender (male) |
2.04 |
1.35 – 3.08 |
5 |
62* |
0.124 |
|
|
Age |
1.06 |
0.74 – 1.50 |
4 |
55 |
0.068 |
|
|
Non‐violent delinquency |
4.67 |
3.80 – 5.76 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Delinquency (general) |
3.65 |
1.89 – 7.04 |
3 |
91* |
0.306 |
|
|
Sexual behaviour (risk) |
3.29 |
3.00 – 3.62 |
3 |
19 |
0.001 |
|
|
Employment |
1.91 |
1.07 – 3.63 |
2 |
10 |
0.019 |
|
|
Psychological (risk) |
1.51 |
1.21 – 1.88 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Psychological (protective) |
0.57 |
0.42 – 0.77 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Hard drugs |
4.80 |
3.06 – 7.52 |
1 |
‐ |
‐ |
|
|
Victimisation |
2.39 |
1.00 – 5.71 |
1 |
‐ |
‐ |
|
|
Minority ethnicity (Han Chinese vs other) |
2.05 |
0.76 – 5.55 |
1 |
‐ |
‐ |
|
|
Alcohol and soft drugs (protective) |
0.69 |
0.42 – 1.13 |
1 |
‐ |
‐ |
|
|
Sexual behaviour (protective) |
0.67 |
0.28 – 1.60 |
1 |
‐ |
‐ |
|
|
Peer |
Delinquent peers |
3.96 |
1.19 – 13.20 |
3 |
96* |
1.073 |
|
Prosocial peers |
1.05 |
0.77 – 1.44 |
1 |
‐ |
‐ |
|
|
Family |
Family environment (risk) |
1.92 |
1.33 – 2.79 |
6 |
95* |
0.187 |
|
Family environment (protective) |
0.76 |
0.62 – 0.93 |
3 |
1 |
0 |
|
|
Parental education |
1.10 |
0.84 – 1.44 |
2 |
22 |
0.011 |
|
|
Exposure to violence in the home |
2.17 |
1.21 – 3.91 |
1 |
‐ |
‐ |
|
|
Parental attitudes favourable to antisocial behaviour |
0.95 |
0.59 – 1.51 |
1 |
‐ |
‐ |
|
|
Family income (low vs high) |
0.67 |
0.28 – 1.64 |
1 |
‐ |
‐ |
|
|
Family income (middle vs low) |
0.35 |
0.17 – 0.73 |
1 |
‐ |
‐ |
|
|
Parental monitoring |
0.32 |
0.26 – 0.41 |
1 |
‐ |
‐ |
|
|
Family income (middle vs high) |
0.23 |
0.12 – 0.47 |
1 |
‐ |
‐ |
|
|
School |
Low school attachment |
2.05 |
1.67 – 2.53 |
6 |
82* |
0.046 |
|
Level of education |
0.73 |
0.46 – 1.18 |
4 |
58 |
0.139 |
|
|
School environment (public/general vs other) |
0.93 |
0.59 – 1.47 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
School performance (protective) |
0.73 |
0.46 – 1.16 |
2 |
67 |
0.078 |
|
|
Exposure to violence at school |
3.29 |
2.04 – 5.32 |
1 |
‐ |
‐ |
|
|
School performance (educational difficulty) |
2.37 |
1.33 – 4.23 |
1 |
‐ |
‐ |
|
|
School environment (opportunities for prosocial involvement) |
1.92 |
1.05 – 3.51 |
1 |
‐ |
‐ |
|
|
Community |
Neighbourhood environment (risk) |
1.37 |
0.40 – 4.68 |
2 |
91* |
0.716 |
|
Geography |
1.22 |
0.93 – 1.59 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Neighbourhood environment (protective) |
0.96 |
0.69 – 1.34 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Exposure to violence in neighbourhood |
3.39 |
2.07 – 5.55 |
1 |
‐ |
‐ |
Significant heterogeneity (p<0.05)