Domain	Significantly associated with gang membership	No significant association with gang membership
Individual	Delinquency Alcohol and soft drug use Male gender Risky sexual behaviours Employment Psychological risk factors (low self‐control, impulsivity) and lack of psychological protective factors (empathy, future orientation, belief in moral order) Victimisation	Age Minority ethnicity Protective behaviours surrounding sexual behaviour or alcohol and soft drug use.
Peer	Socialising with delinquent peers	Socialising with pro‐social peers
Family	Negative family environments Lack of parental monitoring Middle‐income families had greater odds of reporting youth gang membership than those from either high or low‐income families (finding from one study)	Parental education Parental attitudes to antisocial behaviour
School	Low school attachment Exposure to violence at school Educational difficulties Opportunities for prosocial involvement	Level of education School type School performance
Community	Exposed to neighbourhood violence	Neighbourhood environment risk or protective factors, or geography