Table 1.

Immunotherapies targeting CSC markers with potential use against GCSC

Therapy	Target	Type of cancer	Type of study	Results	References
Antibody–drug conjugate	LGR5	Colon	Preclinical murine xenograft	Tumor stasis or regression in vivo Does not target healthy epithelia ↑Survival	[79]
Antibody RG7356	CD44	CD44+ solid tumors	Clinical phase I NCT01358903	Fever, headache and fatigue 21% of the patients presented disease stabilization No activation of macrophages Possible migration of monocytes to tumor tissue	[80]
DC-vaccination	Pool CSC antigens	Ehrlich carcinoma	Preclinical murine xenograft	↓ Tumor growth ↓ MDR and Bcl-2 ↑ Sensitivity to chemotherapy	[81]
DC-vaccination	Pool CSC antigens	Melanoma Squamous cell carcinoma	Preclinical syngeneic murine model	↓ Tumor growth ↓ Metastasis ↓ CSC features ↑ Survival	[82]
DC-vaccination	Pool CSC antigens	Breast	Preclinical cell lines	↑ Apoptosis ↑ IFN-γ	[83]
Immune checkpoint inhibition	PD-1	Melanoma	Clinical phase Ib NCT01704287	↑ Progression-free survival	[84]
Immune checkpoint inhibition	CTLA-4 PD-1	Colorectal	Preclinical syngeneic murine model	↑ CD8 + T cells	[85]
NK-activated cells	ALDH CD24 CD44 CD133	Breast	Preclinical cell lines	↓ CSCs populations	[86]
CAR-T	CD44-v6	AML MM	Preclinical murine xenograft	↑ Anti-tumor activity Specifically killed cancer cells ↑ IL-7/IL-15 efficacy	[87]
CAR-T	CD133	Glioblastoma	Preclinical patient-derived cells Preclinical murine xenograft	↑ CD133+cells elimination ↑ CD57 marker in lymphocytes ↑ Survival	[88]
CAR-T combined with Paclitaxel	CD54	Gastric	Preclinical murine xenograft	↑ Survival ↑ Anti-tumor activity ↓ Tumor growth	[89]

HA, hyaluronic acid; CSC, cancer stem cell; DC, dendritic cell; NK, natural killer; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; MM, multiple myeloma