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. 2021 Aug 26;13:708130. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.708130

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Copyright © 2021 Costa, Redline, Hughes, Heckbert and Goldberger.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Associations of HR dynamical indices (HRF: PNNSS and HRV: rMSSD) with cognitive test scores at exams 5 and 6, and with their longitudinal changes (Δ = exam 6 – exam 5). The graphs show the standardized ß coefficients for the associations of CASI (A), DSC (B), DS forward (C) and DS backward (D) with PNNSS (blue symbols) and rMSSD (red symbols). The open symbols are the standardized ß coefficients from models adjusted for age, sex, race and education. The solid symbols are the standardized ß coefficients from fully adjusted models (Model 4). The error bars are the 95% CIs. CASI, the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument score; DSC, digit symbol coding; DS, digit span; CI, confidence interval; HR, heart rate; HRF, heart rate fragmentation; HRV, heart rate variability; PNNSS, percentage of NN intervals in short (<3) accelerative/decelerative segments; rMSSD, root mean square of successive NN interval differences.