TABLE 6.

Multivariable linear regression models of CASI, DSC, DS forward and backward scores at exams 5 and 6 and of their changes from exams 5 to 6.

	EXAM 5								EXAM 6								EXAM 6 - EXAM 5
Fully Adjusted Models	CASI		DSC		DS forward		DS backward		CASI		DSC		DS forward		DS backward		Δ CASI		Δ DSC		Δ DS forward		Δ DS backward
Variables	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p
PNNSS	−0.513	0.004	−1.123	0.005	−0.032	0.630	−0.105	0.065	−0.608	0.010	−1.540	0.003	−0.144	0.092	−0.174	0.009	0.443	0.037	1.043	0.008	0.132	0.063	0.138	0.015
Age	−1.324	<0.001	−5.525	<0.001	−0.257	<0.001	−0.187	0.001	−1.833	<0.001	−6.853	<0.001	−0.343	<0.001	−0.294	<0.001	1.560	<0.001	3.865	<0.001	0.224	0.003	0.243	<0.001
Male	−0.512	0.194	−5.522	<0.001	0.240	0.101	−0.135	0.265	−0.028	0.956	−5.718	<0.001	0.139	0.462	−0.298	0.064	−0.385	0.404	2.220	0.021	0.046	0.767	0.218	0.116
Race/ethnicity
White (reference)
Chinese−American	−2.839	<0.001	5.086	<0.001	2.192	<0.001	−0.026	0.899	−2.753	<0.001	1.222	0.453	1.707	<0.001	−0.192	0.436	1.245	0.064	2.463	0.050	−0.924	0.002	0.042	0.846
Black	−3.736	<0.001	−7.749	<0.001	−0.348	0.027	−1.119	<0.001	−2.971	<0.001	−8.479	<0.001	−0.591	0.002	−0.977	<0.001	1.104	0.029	3.443	0.001	0.455	0.005	0.433	0.006
Hispanic	−5.598	<0.001	−8.022	<0.001	−1.739	<0.001	−1.626	<0.001	−5.700	<0.001	−11.658	<0.001	−2.040	<0.001	−1.789	<0.001	2.996	<0.001	6.506	<0.001	1.154	<0.001	0.936	<0.001
Education
≤ High school (reference)
Some college	3.375	<0.001	8.727	<0.001	0.666	<0.001	0.898	<0.001	2.065	0.004	7.555	<0.001	0.434	0.060	0.590	0.002	−0.885	0.141	−3.128	0.006	−0.224	0.220	−0.237	0.133
≥ Bachelor degree	4.195	<0.001	11.45	<0.001	0.490	0.004	0.933	<0.001	2.646	<0.001	9.280	<0.001	0.339	0.141	0.783	<0.001	−0.864	0.133	−2.495	0.029	−0.213	0.243	−0.381	0.013
APOE-ε4	−0.703	0.057	−0.820	0.311	−0.231	0.100	−0.111	0.346	−0.897	0.056	−2.980	0.005	−0.324	0.059	−0.071	0.622	0.897	0.033	1.454	0.100	0.137	0.312	0.056	0.651
AVNN	0.450	0.011	1.176	0.002	0.038	0.573	0.106	0.073	0.430	0.051	0.801	0.115	0.159	0.081	0.227	0.002	−0.214	0.292	−0.542	0.172	−0.107	0.151	−0.178	0.005
Systolic BP	−0.259	0.158	−0.597	0.139	0.014	0.830	−0.050	0.347	−0.612	0.028	−0.923	0.087	0.015	0.862	−0.103	0.142	0.433	0.079	0.888	0.040	−0.052	0.459	0.079	0.172
Anti-hypertensive Rx	−0.183	0.621	−2.170	0.008	−0.044	0.747	−0.212	0.071	−0.462	0.293	−0.767	0.456	−0.068	0.698	−0.118	0.439	0.128	0.744	−0.602	0.455	0.054	0.709	0.058	0.657
Diabetes	−0.226	0.640	−2.350	0.026	−0.454	0.011	−0.111	0.463	−1.992	0.006	−2.894	0.045	−0.418	0.062	−0.094	0.618	1.449	0.018	0.631	0.582	0.159	0.368	0.077	0.628
Total cholesterol	−0.030	0.870	−0.430	0.300	0.043	0.547	0.082	0.182	−0.150	0.494	−0.067	0.896	0.127	0.155	0.038	0.612	−0.051	0.791	−0.372	0.365	−0.074	0.341	0.005	0.940
HDL	−0.104	0.562	0.322	0.418	0.057	0.424	0.006	0.932	−0.318	0.190	0.021	0.966	−0.041	0.648	−0.013	0.874	0.104	0.627	−0.040	0.920	0.127	0.101	−0.001	0.984
Lipid lowering Rx	−0.300	0.443	0.693	0.410	0.038	0.790	−0.102	0.410	−0.515	0.273	0.277	0.806	−0.016	0.928	−0.110	0.478	0.225	0.579	−0.002	0.998	0.025	0.869	−0.080	0.555
Pack−years of cigarette smoking	0.705	<0.001	0.336	0.372	0.015	0.806	0.040	0.465	0.339	0.103	0.178	0.716	0.093	0.252	0.063	0.391	0.084	0.649	−0.062	0.873	−0.083	0.213	−0.077	0.222
Prevalent CVEs & AF	−0.233	0.666	−2.677	0.031	−0.023	0.900	0.059	0.723	0.116	0.882	−1.314	0.457	0.340	0.139	0.055	0.835	−0.032	0.961	−1.604	0.234	−0.251	0.233	−0.121	0.581
Physical activity, ln	−0.215	0.243	0.278	0.471	−0.044	0.506	−0.180	0.001	−0.401	0.068	−0.857	0.095	−0.197	0.013	−0.237	0.001	0.211	0.283	0.801	0.057	0.098	0.163	0.143	0.018
Depression, CESD ≥ 16	−1.974	<0.001	−2.803	0.009	−0.306	0.098	−0.232	0.144	−1.172	0.074	−2.147	0.160	−0.114	0.594	−0.076	0.702	0.254	0.640	0.665	0.560	0.030	0.866	0.101	0.549
Anti-depression Rx	0.724	0.110	0.534	0.630	0.305	0.089	0.331	0.037	0.449	0.427	−1.402	0.344	0.168	0.480	0.228	0.313	0.041	0.937	2.092	0.079	0.039	0.852	−0.008	0.968
Alcohol use	1.632	<0.001	3.635	<0.001	0.431	0.002	0.397	0.001	2.494	<0.001	1.684	0.099	0.308	0.073	0.475	0.001	−1.984	<0.001	0.405	0.627	−0.069	0.633	−0.221	0.074
Gross income ≥ 75K	0.776	0.028	3.646	<0.001	0.220	0.156	0.463	0.001	0.367	0.381	4.025	<0.001	0.167	0.370	0.343	0.033	0.111	0.772	−2.286	0.011	−0.010	0.948	−0.070	0.615
Baseline cognitive scores (6.9/17.1/2.7/2.5)																	3.548	<0.001	5.694	<0.001	1.279	<0.001	1.298	<0.001

Values shows are the standardized ß regression coefficients and p values for each one of the variables in the fully adjusted models. The SDs for each of the continuous independent variables in the models are: PNNSS — 13.7%, age — 8.95 years, AVNN — 134 ms, systolic BP — 20.1 mmHg, total cholesterol — 36.8 mg/dl, HDL — 16.4 mg/dl); pack-years of cigarette smoking – 1.49, physical activity (ln) — 1.06 MET-min/wk, CASI — 6.0, DSC — 17.1, DS forward — 2.7, and DS backward — 2.5. Statistically significant associations (p value < 0.05) are highlighted in bold. Borderline significant associations (0.05 ≤ p value ≤ 0.1) are highlighted using bold, italicized and underlined fonts.

AF, atrial fibrillation; AVNN, average value of the NN intervals; BP, blood pressure; CASI, the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument score; CESD, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale; CVE, cardiovascular event; DSC, digit symbol coding; DS, digit span; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HR, heart rate; MET, metabolic equivalent; PNNSS, percentage of NN intervals in short (<3) accelerative/decelerative segments; Rx, medication.