Table 1.

Overview of cytokines and cytokine receptors expressed in meningiomas ranging from WHO grade I–III. Cytokines are key mediators of crosstalk in other primary brain tumours. A better understanding of the cytokine microenvironment is essential to explore the role of the brain parenchyma in the pathogenesis of meningiomas. “+” indicates that the receptor has been detected in meningioma tumour cells. Abbreviations: n.a. = not applicable.

Cytokine	n. Positive Meningiomas/Total	Cytokine Receptors	+/n.a.
Type 1 Cytokine Family
IL-2	0/5 [38], 0/9 [39], 0/11 [40]	IL-2R	n.a.
IL-3	11/11 [40]	IL-3R	n.a.
IL-4	0/11 [40], 0/5 [38], 0/9 [39]	IL-4R	+ [41,42]
IL-5	0/11 [40], 1/5 [38]	IL-5R	n.a.
IL-6	11/11 [40], 1/5 [38], 10/10 [43], 9/9 [39], 0/2 [44], 10/10 [45]	IL-6R	+ [43]
IL-7	0/11 [40]	IL-7R	n.a.
G-CSF	28/30 [46]	G-CSFR	+ [46]
GM-CSF	1/5 [38], 27/30 [46]	GM-CSFR	+ [46]
Type 2 Cytokine Family
IFN-γ	11/11 [40]	IFN-γR	n.a.
IL-10	1/5 [38]	IL-10R	n.a.
OSM	2/2 [44], 10/10 [43]	OSM-R	+ [43]
LIF	2/2 [44], 10/10 [43]	LIF-R	+ [43]
TNF Cytokine family
TNF-α	3/5 [38], 0/11 [40]	TNFR1	n.a.
TNF-β	6/11 [40]	TNFR1	n.a.
IL-1 Family
IL-1α	0/11 [40], 5/5 [38]	IL-1R	n.a.
IL-1β	5/11 [40], 3/5 [38], 9/9 [39]	IL-1R	n.a.
Other Cytokines
TGF-α	22/26 [47]	EGFR	+ [47,48,49]
TGF-β1	8/11 [40], 3/5 [38], 3/6 [50]	TGF-βRI-III	+ [51]
TGF-β2	9/11 [40], 5/5 [38], 6/6 [50]	-	-
TGF-β3	11/11 [40], 5/5 [38], 6/6 [50]	-	-
HGF/SF	5/14 [52]	MET	+ [52,53]
Chemokines
IL-8	11/11 [40], 14/35 [54]	CXCR1/2	+ [54]
CCL2/MCP-1	16/16 [18]	CCR2	n.a.
CXCL1/2/3	27/27 [54]	CXCR1/2	+ [54]
CXCL9	10/36 [54]	CXCR3	+ [54]
CXCL10	15/36 [54]	CXCR3	+ [54]
CXCL11	22/22 [55]	CXCR3	+ [54]
CXCL12/SDF-1	22/22 [55], 6/6 [56], 29/55 [54]	CXCR4/CXCR7	+ [25,55,56,57]
CXCL13	1/35 [54]	CXCR5	+ [54]
CXCL16	27/27 [58], 28/28 [59]	CXCR6/tmCXCL16	(+)/+ [58,59]
CX3CL1	27/27 [58]	CX3CR1	+ [58]