Table 1. Pests and their adverse effects.

No	Category of pest	Representative species	Adverse effects	Sources
1	Disease vectors	Mosquitoes, sandflies, triatomine bugs, ticks, fleas, flies (various species), aquatic snails, lice, mites, midges, rodent, etc.	· Globally: 　· 80% of the world’s population is at risk of one or more vector-borne diseases (VBDs). 　· 17% of the global burden of communicable diseases is due to VBDs. 　· Over 700,000 deaths are caused by VBDs annually. · China: 　· 10 notifiable VBDs, 10 non-notifiable and common VBDs, and several other kinds of other NTDs or emerging VBDs. 　· In 2019, 13 indigenous dengue transmission provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs), and more than 0.9 billion people are at the risk of dengue. 　· Imported malaria from Africa and Southeast Asia pose a challenge to the elimination of malaria in China by 2020. 　· Adult epidemic encephalitis B outbreak in the provinces of Northwest China in recent years.	[1] Global vector control response (GVCR) 2017–2030. [2] Qiyong Liu, 2020.
2	Exotic invasive pests	Solenopsis invicta Buren, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, ragweed, water hyacinth, etc.	· Solenopsis invicta Buren: 　· Globally: 　　· One of the 100 most destructive invasive pests in the world, this pest poses a great threat to biodiversity protection and agricultural production. 　　· As of 2012, more than 100 million acres of land in 12 south states of the United States had been infested, with an estimated annual economic loss of more than 5 billion USD and over $750 million in agricultural losses. 　· China: 　　· In 2013, detected in 169 counties (cities and districts) of 7 PLADs. · Bursaphelenchus xylophilus: 　· Globally: 　　· Occurs in Japan, Republic of Korea, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Portugal, China, and other countries and causes significant loss. 　· China: 　　· After an invasion to Hong Kong in the 1980s, the Pinus massoniana was almost destroyed by this pest. 　　· The economic losses caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus disease in Anhui and Zhejiang provinces are up to 70.18–98.26 million USD.	[1] http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-990233-763021.html [2] https://baike.baidu.com
3	Architecture and building material pests	Termites, wood-boring beetles, Monochamus, Sinoxylon, Lyctus, Trogoderma, etc.	· Termites: 　· Globally: 　　· More than 3,000 species in the world and known as “silent destroyers” because of their ability to chew through wood, flooring, and even wallpaper undetected. 　　· The direct economic loss caused by termites reach up to tens of billions USD every year. 　· China: 　　· More than 70 species that can damage architecture and housing materials. 　　· The economic loss caused by termites to housing construction is close to $1.0 billion every year.	[1] https://www.pestworld.org/pest-guide/termites/ [2] https://baike.baidu.com
4	Warehouse pests	Flour beetles, grain borers, corn weevil, rice weevil, corn beetle, wheat moth, Tribolium castaneum, etc.	· Globally: 　· More than 300 species, causing direct weight loss, quality loss and mildew. · China: 　· More than 50 species, causing about 8%–10% of the total reserves in grain, beans and oil-bearing crops by warehouse pests. 　· Corn weevil ranking first in warehouse pests in China.	[1] Jianguo Xu, 2018 [2] https://baike.baidu.com
5	Textile pests	Carpet beetles, moth, etc.	· Globally and China: 　· Causing huge losses in the production and storage of commercial fabrics and clothing.	[1] https://wenku.baidu.com/view/8d869511cbaedd3383c4bb4cf7ec4afe04a1b122.html [2] https://www.byepest.com/pest_wiki_details/13
6	Agricultural and forestry pests	Locusts, aphids, etc.	· Globally: 　· Agricultural pests: 　　· Up to 40% of food crops destroyed by plant diseases and pests every year. 　· Locusts: 　　· About 300 species are harmful to agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry. 　　· The annual area of locust disasters amounting 46.8 million square kilometers, and one eighth of the world's population is affected by locust disasters. 　　· The most serious locust is Schistocerca grigaria, with a maximum diffusion area of 28 million square kilometers, including whole territories and partial areas of 66 countries, accounting for about 20% of the world's land area and more than 10% of the world's population. 　· Aphiods 　　· One of the most destructive pests on earth. 　· About 250 species harmful to agriculture, forestry and horticulture. 　· Forest pests: 　　· The area of forest affected by pests every year reaching 34 million hectares, accounting for 1.6% of the forest area of 94 reporting countries. · China: 　· Agricultural pest: 　　· Locusts: 　　· The severest locust disaster in a year in China causing nearly 0.20 million square kilometers crop loss, with an average of 0.10 million square kilometers and an average annual loss of 0.25 billion USD, posing a serious threat to food production and ecological security of grassland areas. 　　· In 2008, Heilongjiang suffered from Loxostege stieticatis damage, with a disaster area of more than 2.867 million hectares. 　　· In 2004, Jiangxi suffered rice diseases and insect pests, with a total loss of 1.7 billion kg of grain. 　· Forest pests 　　· The annual average occurrence area of forest pests in China amounted to 120 thousand square kilometers, and the annual average economic loss reached 15.46 billion USD.	[1] FAO, 2010 [2] National Forestry and Grassland Administration (NFGA), China, 2019 [3] https://baike.baidu.com [4] Jianguo Xu, 2018
7	Animal husbandry pests	Ticks, tabanus, etc.	· Globally: 　· Tick-borne diseases (TBD) constraining cattle production and improvement in Tanzania, and the total annual national loss due TBD estimated to be 364 million USD, including an estimated mortality of 1.3 million cattle. 　· Mite borne sheep scab costing the British sheep industry 9.76 million USD a year.	[1] Fredrick M Kivaria, 2006 [2] Busin V, 2018