Table 2.
Predicted heart age, excess heart age, and prevalence of at least 10 years excess heart age among US adults living with HIV – HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS), 2010–2017, n = 3086.
| Men (n = 2467) |
Women (n = 619) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Predicted heart ageb (years) (95% CI) |
Excess heart age (years) (95% CI)c |
Excess heart age at least 10 yearsd,e (%) (95% CI) |
Predicted heart ageb (years) (95% CI) |
Excess heart age (years) (95% CI)c |
Excess heart age at least 10 yearsd,e (%) (95% CI) |
| Total | 60.8 (60.3–61.4) | 11.5 (11.1–12.0) | 53.1 (51.2–55.1) | 62.2 (61.0–63.4) | 13.1 (12.0–14.1) | 59.3 (55.4–63.1) |
| Age group (years) | ||||||
| 30–39 | 44.8 (43.9–45.7) | 7.8 (6.9–8.8) | 35.1 (30.3–40.2) | 45.1 (42.4–47.8) | 7.7 (4.9–10.4) | 39.0 (29.1–49.9) |
| 40–49 | 56.7 (56.0–57.4) | 11.2 (10.5–11.8) | 49.6 (46.5–52.6) | 58.1 (56.3–59.8) | 13.0 (11.3–14.7) | 56.1 (50.0–61.9) |
| 50–59 | 68.0 (67.3–68.7) | 13.7 (13.0–14.4) | 61.5 (58.2–64.8) | 70.7 (69.1–72.3) | 16.4 (14.8–18.0) | 70.3 (63.8–76.0) |
| 60–74 | 75.6 (74.7–76.4) | 11.3 (10.4–12.2) | 64.7 (59.0–70.1) | 73.6 (71.2–76.0) | 9.1 (6.6–11.6) | 62.3 (49.6–73.5) |
| P value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic/Latino white | 61.2 (60.4–61.9) | 11.0 (10.5–11.6) | 51.5 (48.7–54.2) | 62.0 (59.2–64.8) | 12.6 (10.3–14.8) | 60.5 (51.5–68.9) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino black | 60.1 (59.0–61.3) | 12.4 (11.5–13.2) | 57.3 (53.2–61.2) | 63.3 (61.6–64.9) | 14.2 (12.8–15.6) | 62.1 (56.8–67.1) |
| Other | 60.9 (59.7–62.0) | 11.9 (11.0–12.7) | 52.7 (48.7–56.8) | 60.1 (57.5–62.6) | 11.1 (9.0–13.2) | 52.5 (44.8–60.0) |
| P value | 0.0043 | 0.0009 | 0.0021 | 0.1896 | 0.1038 | 0.1934 |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than high school | 65.1 (63.1–67.2) | 13.9 (12.5–15.3) | 60.9 (53.9–67.6) | 62.2 (60.1–64.3) | 14.0 (12.1–15.9) | 62.2 (55.0–68.9) |
| High school | 61.6 (60.2–63.1) | 13.4 (12.3–14.5) | 60.6 (55.1–65.8) | 61.1 (58.5–63.6) | 12.4 (10.3–14.5) | 56.2 (48.5–63.7) |
| More than high school | 60.7 (59.9–61.4) | 10.9 (10.4–11.5) | 50.4 (47.7–53.1) | 62.5 (60.0–64.9) | 12.9 (10.9–14.8) | 60.1 (52.6–67.1) |
| P value | 0.0007 | 0.0006 | 0.0095 | 0.6694 | 0.5828 | 0.5465 |
| Cholesterol-lowering medication | (statin) use | |||||
| Yes | 67.3 (66.0–68.6) | 15.1 (14.0–16.1) | 66.6 (61.6–71.2) | 71.3 (69.2–73.3) | 18.6 (16.6–20.6) | 77.0 (68.3–83.8) |
| No | 59.7 (59.1–60.3) | 10.9 (10.5–11.4) | 50.8 (48.6–52.9) | 60.2 (58.8–61.6) | 11.8 (10.7–13.0) | 55.3 (51.0–59.6) |
| P value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0004 |
| Aspirin use | ||||||
| Yes | 69.9 (68.3–71.5) | 16.1 (14.7–17.6) | 73.1 (66.6–78.8) | 72.4 (69.8–75.1) | 19.4 (16.7–22.1) | 83.0 (70.5–90.9) |
| No | 60.0 (59.5–60.6) | 11.1 (10.7–11.6) | 51.4 (49.3–53.4) | 61.2 (59.9–62.6) | 12.5 (11.4–13.6) | 57.1 (53.0–61.1) |
| P value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0004 | 0.0017 | 0.0040 |
| Hepatitis C virus co-infection | ||||||
| Yes | 64.9 (63.6–66.2) | 13.3 (12.3–14.3) | 60.9 (55.8–65.7) | 64.3 (61.8,66.7) | 13.2 (11.3,15.2) | 64.8 (57.1,71.8) |
| No | 60.1 (59.5–60.7) | 11.2 (10.8–11.7) | 51.8 (49.6–53.9) | 61.5 (60.0,62.9) | 13.0 (11.8,14.2) | 57.4 (52.8,61.8) |
| P value | 0.0063 | 0.0230 | 0.0684 | 0.7524 | 0.4523 | 0.4242 |
| eGFR <60 ml per min per 1.73 m2 | ||||||
| Yes | 66.4 (64.9–67.9) | 12.4 (11.3–13.6) | 59.7 (54.0–65.1) | 69.0 (66.1–71.9) | 15.3 (12.7–17.8) | 71.9 (61.3–80.6) |
| No | 60.1 (59.5–60.6) | 11.4 (11.0–11.8) | 52.1 (50.0–54.2) | 61.2 (59.8–62.5) | 12.7 (11.6–13.9) | 57.4 (53.1–61.5) |
| P value | 0.0312 | 0.1614 | 0.2471 | 0.0151 | 0.1135 | 0.0488 |
| CD4+ T-lymphocyte cell count (cells/μl) | ||||||
| 0–199 | 59.9 (58.2–61.6) | 11.4 (10.2–12.7) | 55.8 (49.6–61.9) | 60.0 (56.6–63.3) | 13.2 (10.3–16.0) | 57.3 (46.0–68.0) |
| 200–349 | 62.2 (60.8–63.6) | 11.9 (10.9–13.0) | 56.1 (51.1–60.9) | 61.2 (58.3–64.2) | 11.8 (9.5–14.1) | 59.0 (50.1–67.4) |
| 350–499 | 60.3 (59.0–61.6) | 10.8 (9.8–11.7) | 49.2 (44.7–53.8) | 61.8 (58.8–64.7) | 12.3 (10.0–14.7) | 54.1 (44.7–63.2) |
| At least 500 | 60.8 (60.1–61.6) | 11.7 (11.2–12.3) | 53.3 (50.6–55.9) | 63.4 (61.7–65.2) | 14.1 (12.6–15.6) | 62.9 (57.3–68.1) |
| P value | 0.2103 | 0.2282 | 0.2387 | 0.0901 | 0.0621 | 0.6883 |
| Nadir CD4+ T-lymphocyte cell count (cells/μl)f | ||||||
| 0–199 | 62.0 (61.2–62.8) | 12.0 (11.4–12.5) | 56.0 (53.1–58.8) | 63.0 (61.2–64.7) | 13.7 (12.3–15.2) | 61.9 (56.2–67.2) |
| 200–349 | 60.2 (59.2–61.3) | 11.1 (10.3–11.9) | 50.5 (46.6–54.4) | 60.2 (57.6–62.7) | 11.4 (9.4–13.4) | 53.0 (45.4–60.5) |
| 350–499 | 60.1 (58.8–61.5) | 11.2 (10.2–12.2) | 51.3 (46.5–56.2) | 61.8 (58.8–64.7) | 12.3 (10.0–14.7) | 56.8 (45.9–67.1) |
| At least 500 | 58.2 (56.5–59.9) | 11.2 (9.9–12.4) | 49.8 (43.8–55.8) | 64.7 (61.2–68.3) | 15.0 (12.1–17.9) | 66.7 (55.1–76.6) |
| P value | 0.6332 | 0.7528 | 0.5588 | 0.1669 | 0.2346 | 0.3187 |
| HIV disease stage | ||||||
| AIDS | 62.3 (61.6–63.0) | 12.1 (11.6–12.7) | 56.1 (53.5–58.6) | 63.0 (61.4–64.5) | 13.3 (12.1–14.6) | 61.0 (56.1–65.7) |
| Non-AIDS | 58.8 (57.9–59.6) | 10.7 (10.1–11.4) | 48.9 (45.9–52.0) | 60.8 (58.7–62.9) | 12.6 (10.9–14.3) | 56.2 (49.5–62.6) |
| P value | 0.0070 | 0.0392 | 0.0374 | 0.7612 | 0.7207 | 0.4727 |
| Virally suppressedg | ||||||
| Yes | 61.1 (60.4–61.8) | 11.3 (10.8–11.8) | 52.4 (49.9–54.8) | 63.1 (61.3–64.9) | 13.2 (11.7–14.7) | 60.6 (55.0–65.9) |
| No | 60.3 (59.3–61.2) | 11.9 (11.2–12.6) | 54.5 (51.1–57.9) | 61.4 (59.7–63.1) | 13.1 (11.6–14.5) | 58.4 (52.8–63.8) |
| P value | 0.3487 | 0.2658 | 0.4242 | 0.0734 | 0.1051 | 0.2657 |
| Years since HIV diagnosis, n (%) | ||||||
| <5 years | 56.2 (55.0–57.4) | 10.8 (9.8–11.7) | 48.2 (43.7–52.7) | 60.2 (57.4–63.0) | 12.3 (10.1–14.6) | 51.1 (42.8–59.4) |
| 5–10 years | 57.2 (55.9–58.4) | 10.8 (9.9–11.8) | 48.2 (43.7–52.8) | 60.0 (57.1–62.9) | 12.0 (9.6–14.4) | 56.7 (47.7–65.2) |
| >10 years | 63.3 (62.7–64.0) | 12.0 (11.5–12.5) | 56.1 (53.6–58.5) | 63.7 (62.1,65.3) | 13.7 (12.4–15.0) | 63.3 (58.2–68.1) |
| P value | 0.1692 | 0.9250 | 0.5623 | 0.5278 | 0.6300 | 0.1146 |
CI, confidence intervals.
The cholesterol-based heart age model includes the following measures: age, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mean SBP, antihypertensive medication use, smoking status, and diabetes status.
Predicted heart age is adjusted for age and race/ethnicity except in the age strata where it is adjusted only for race/ethnicity and in the race/ethnicity strata where it is adjusted only for age. P values were found by analysis of variance test and similarly adjusted.
Excess heart age was calculated as predicted heart age minus chronological age. P value were found by analysis of variance test and adjusted for age and race/ethnicity.
The proportion of participants with heart age that exceeded their chronological age by at least 10 years were calculated based on the calculated excess heart age of each individual. P values were found by logistic regression and adjusted for age and race/ethnicity.
Estimated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for prevalence estimates were calculated by transforming corresponding logit estimates from logistic regression into probability bounds.
Nadir CD4+ cell was defined as the lowest CD4+ count level since inclusion in the HOPS.
Virally suppressed indicates that the most recent viral load during the observation period (from 365 days before through 365 days after the index date) was undetectable or 200 copies/ml or less.