Table 4.
The germplasm resources created by gene editing in Brassica napus
| Gene | Phenotype | Gene function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| BnaEOD3 genes | Shorter siliques, smaller seeds, more seeds per silique, higher seed yield | EOD3 (ENHANCER3 OF DA1) plays a key role in controlling the seed size and silique length in tomato and Arabidopsis thaliana | Khan et al. (2020) |
| BnaSDG8.A and BnaSDG8.C | Early flowering | SDG8 (SET DOMAIN GROUP 8) is a pleiotropic gene involved in several plant biological processes, including flowering time and plant size | Jiang et al. (2018) |
| BnaTFL1 genes | Early flowering, altered plant architecture | TFL1 (TERMINAL FLOWER 1) is a flowering inhibitor and controls the identity of shoot meristem during the plant life span | Sriboon et al. (2020) |
| BnD14 | Improved architecture and seed yield | Strigolactone receptor | Stanic et al. (2021) |
| BnSPL3 genes | Developmental delay | SPL3 (SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN‐LIKE 3) is key floral activator which acts upstream of LEY, FUL and AP1 in Arabidopsis | Li et al. (2018a) |
| BnaRGA genes | Decreased plant height | RGA (REPRESSOR OF GA1‐3) acts as a master repressor in gibberellic signalling | Yang et al. (2017) |
| BnaRGA and BnaIAA7 genes | Decreased plant height | Rapid turnover of IAA proteins is essential for normal auxin response | Cheng et al. (2021) |
| BnaA03.MAX1 and BnaC03.MAX1 | Semi‐dwarf, more branches, more siliques, increased yield | MAX1 (MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 1) encodes a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP711A1), which is a carlactone oxidase that catalyses the SL biosynthesis | Zheng et al. (2020) |
| BnaA09.ZEP and BnaC09.ZEP | Orange flowers | The nuclear‐encoded plastid enzyme zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) plays a critical role in carotenoid biosynthesis | Liu et al. (2020b) |
| BnaMLPK | Self‐incompatibility | M‐locus protein kinase (MLPK) is thought to interact with the activated SRK, and control self‐incompatibility | Chen et al. (2019) |
| BnS6‐SMI2 | Self‐incompatibility | SCR‐methylation‐inducing region 2 (Smi2): the Smi2 of the dominant S locus generates small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which suppresses the expression of the recessive S locus SCR by siRNA‐mediated DNA methylation in B. rapa | Dou et al. (2021) |
| MS5 | Genic male sterility | MS5 mediates early meiotic progression | Xin et al. (2020) |
| BnAP2 | Typical sepal carpeloid | A‐functional genes AP2 is required for sepal and petal development | Zhang et al. (2018a) |
| BnA10.LMI1 | Lobed leaves | A LATE MERISTEM IDENTITY1 (LMI1)‐like gene (BnA10.LMI1) encoding an HD‐Zip I transcription factor is the causal gene underlying the BnLLA10 locus, and BnLLA10, is responsible for the lobed‐leaf shape in rapeseed | Hu et al. (2018) |
| BnJAG genes | Pod shatter resistance | The Arabidopsis JAGGED (JAG) gene is a key factor implicated in the regulatory web of dehiscence fruit | Zaman et al. (2019a) |
| BnaA.ALC.a and BnaC.ALC.a | Pod shatter resistance | The Arabidopsis myc/bHLH gene ALCATRAZ (ALC) enables cell separation in fruit dehiscence | Braatz et al. (2017) |
| BnIND genes | Pod shatter resistance | IND (INDEHISCENT) is important for the formation of both the lignified and separation layers of the valve margin | Zhai et al. (2019) |
| BnCLV genes | Multilocular silique | The CLAVATA (CLV) pathways act in a feedback loop to regulate many aspects of stem cell function, including cell fate, proliferation, and growth in Arabidopsis | Yang et al. (2018) |
| BnaTT2 genes | Yellow seeds, increased oil content, higher linoleic acid, and linolenic acid | TT (Transparent Testa) genes are involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. TT2 regulates proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in seeds | Xie et al. (2020) |
| BnTT8 genes | Same as above | TT8 is a central component of the well‐conserved complex that controls flavonoid accumulation in various crops | Zhai et al. (2020) |
| BnSFAR4, BnSFAR5 | Higher oil content | SFAR (SEED FATTY ACID REDUCER) genes have a significant effect on seed oil content | Karunarathna et al. (2020) |
| BnaA.FAD2 genes | Increased oleic acid in seed | FAD2 (FATTY ACID DESATURASE 2) catalyses the desaturation of oleic acid (C18:1) to linoleic acid (C18:2) | Huang et al. (2020); Okuzaki et al. (2018) |
| BnITPK genes | Reduced phytic acid in seeds | Enzyme ITPK (inositol tetrakisphosphate kinase) catalyses the penultimate step for the synthesis of PA in plants | Sashidhar et al. (2020) |
| BnLPAT2, BnLPAT5 genes | Enlarged oil bodies and increased accumulation of starch in mature seeds | Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAT), a key enzyme in the Kennedy pathway, catalyses fatty acid chains into 3‐phosphoglycerate and promotes further production of oil in the form of triacylglycerol | Zhang et al. (2019) |
| BnaRGA genes | Drought tolerance | RGA (REPRESSOR Of GA7‐3) is a nuclear protein that negatively regulates the gibberellin signal transduction pathway; | Wu et al. (2020b) |
| BnALS genes | Herbicide resistance | Acetolactate synthase (ALS), a key enzyme for the biosynthesis of branchedchain amino acids, is the target site of several important herbicides | Cheng et al. (2021); Wu et al. (2020a) |
| BnWRKY11 and BnWRKY70 | Sclerotinia resistance | Many WRKY transcription factors associates with disease resistance in Arabidopsis | Sun et al. (2018) |
| CRT1a | Verticillium longisporum resistance | Loss of function of CRT1a (calreticulin) strongly reduces plant susceptibility to V. longisporum in both A. thaliana and B. napus | Probsting et al. (2020) |
| BnaA9.WRKY47 | Increased adaptation to low boron stress | WRKY‐mediated gene expression is involved in various stress responses, such as pathogen defence, cold resistance, salt tolerance and nutritional stresses, and in developmental and metabolic processes | Feng et al. (2020) |