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Physiochemical and xenobiotic response pathways Multiple eukaryotic signaling mechanisms enable the host to perceive microbial environmental changes and/or small molecules; see text for description. These include pathways that can detect physiochemical signals (Nrf2 and HIF-1α) and small molecules of microbial origin. bHLH, basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor; GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; Nrf2, nuclear factor E2-related factor.
