Table 1.

Descriptive statistics for patients with hypertension in the ENGAGE CVD cohort study. Unadjusted differences between sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) are presented as well as findings after adjustment using low (< Median) and high (≥ Median) levels of the Instrumental Variable (IV).

Characteristics	VSG n=3,186		RYGB n=1,778		p-value	< IV Median n=2,491	≥ IV Median n=2,473	p-value*
Mean (SD) age, years	50.7	10.1	50.9	9.7	.65	50.5	51.1	.10
Women	2,427	76.1%	1,281	72.0%	<.001	74.9%	74.5%	.79
Non-Hispanic White	1,212	38.0%	701	39.4%	.336	37.8%	39.2%	.34
Non-Hispanic Black	835	26.2%	337	19.0%	<.001	24.3%	22.9%	.07
Hispanic	1,039	32.6%	664	37.3%	<.001	34.0%	34.6%	.67
Ever Smoker	1,174	36.8%	650	36.6%	.839	37.7%	35.7%	.21
Mean (SD) BMI, kg/m2	43.8	6.8	43.5	6.9	.20	43.6	43.8	.39
Mean (SD) Systolic BP, mm Hg	131.1	14.1	130.0	14.1	.009	131.0	130.4	.15
Mean (SD) Diastolic BP, mm Hg	76.3	10.2	74.8	10.1	<.001	76.2	75.2	.003
Mean (SD) Elixhauser score	2.85	9.8	4.10	10.3	<.001	3.76	3.77	.42
Gastro-esophageal reflux disease †	1,031	32.4%	684	38.5%	<.001	33.9%	35.1%	.46
Gastritis or duodenitis †	550	17.3%	87	4.9%	<.001	14.6%	11.0%	.001
Dyspepsia †	111	3.5%	69	3.9%	.474	3.2%	3.9%	.48
Hiatal hernia	118	3.7%	78	4.4%	.236	4.0%	3.8%	.83
Sleep Apnea	564	17.7%	352	19.8%	.068	18.8%	18.1%	.54
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	1153	36.2%	1,196	67.3%	<.001	47.4%	47.2%	.92
Chronic kidney disease	571	17.9%	376	21.1%	.006	19.1%	19.0%	.94
Severe mental illness	146	4.6%	100	5.6%	.105	4.7%	5.1%	.64
Severe depression and/or anxiety	195	6.1%	125	7.0%	.211	6.5%	6.4%	.98
Mild-to-moderate depression and/or anxiety	1,467	46.0%	801	45.1%	.50	45.7%	45.6%	.92
BMI ≥ 50 kg/m2	531	16.7%	281	15.8%	.431	16.0%	16.7%	.60
Weight change 12 months before surgery	−18.9	15.1	−18.0	14.7	.048	−19.0	−18.1	.05
Mean (SD) scheduled visit attendance rate ‡	0.76	0.12	0.76	0.13	.34	0.76	0.76	.71
Mean (SD) number of inpatient days ‡	0.10	0.40	0.08	0.35	.132	0.086	0.082	.74
Mean (SD) number of ED visits ‡	0.35	0.83	0.37	0.97	.469	0.38	0.36	.54
Aspirin use ‡	882	27.7%	719	40.4%	<.001	33.0%	31.5%	.31
Aspirin use §	595	18.7%	487	27.4%	<.001	24.2%	19.4%	<.001
NSAID use ‡	1,558	48.9%	782	44.0%	.001	47.3%	46.8%	.75
NSAID use §	564	17.7%	273	15.4%	.034	16.4%	17.3%	.46

SD = standard deviation; BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; ED = emergency department; Values are No., % unless otherwise indicated; Variables are at the time of surgery unless otherwise indicated;

^*After controlling for year of surgery and 3-digit zip code indicators, zip code-level surgery volume, and surgeon-specific caseload in previous year;

^†In the 2 years before surgery;

^‡In the 12 months before surgery;

^§In the 3 months before surgery