Table 2.
Selected key outcome measures in published HOP RCTs
| Measure | Domain | Number of items | Range of scale scores (mean or sum) | HOP RCTs that reported this outcome | Original publication of the scale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stigma Stress Scale (SSS) | Stigma stress (i.e., cognitive appraisal of stigma as a stressor) | 8 | − 6 to + 6 (difference score, harm/subscale 1 minus coping resources/subscale 2), higher score = more stigma stress | [21, 46, 47] | [57] |
| SSS subscale 1: perceived harm | Appraisal of stigma as harmful | 4 | 1–7 (mean), higher score = more stigma-related harm | [46, 48, 49] | (As above) |
| SSS subscale 2: perceived coping resources | Appraisal of resources to cope with stigma | 4 | 1–7 (mean), higher score = more coping resources | [46, 48, 49] | (As above) |
| Self-Stigma of Mental Illness Scale-Short Form (SSMIS-SF) | Stepwise process of self-stigma (aware, agree, apply, harm) |
20 (4 subscales with 5 items each) |
1–9 mean score for each subscale (no total score across subscales), higher score = more awareness, agreement etc. |
Apply subscale [21]; Harm subscale [46] |
[58] |
| Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Inventory (ISMI) | Broad self-stigma measure, incl. experienced discrimination and social withdrawal |
29 (24, if without the 5 stigma resistance items) |
1–4 (mean), higher score = more self-stigma |
[47]; version for suicide self-stigma [46] |
[59] |
| Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Inventory-Short Form (ISMI-SF) | (same as long version) | 10 | 1–4 (mean), higher score = more self-stigma | [21] | [60] |
| Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) | Depressive symptoms |
10 (English short version); 15 (German short version) |
0–3 (mean), higher score = more depressive symptoms | [21, 48, 49] | English [61]; German [62] |
| KIDSCREEN-10 index | Health-related quality of life | 10 | 10–50 (sum), higher score = better quality of life | [21] | [63] |
| General Help-Seeking Questionnaire (GHSQ) | Intentions to seek help from professionals (subscale 1) or family/friends (subscale 2) | 4 items in each subscale | 1–7 (mean) for each subscale, higher score = stronger intention to seek help | [21] | [64] |
| Self-Identified Stage of Recovery (SISR) | Stage of recovery (part A); recovery processes (part B) | Part A: 1 stage out of 5; Part B: 4 items | Stage 1–5 (part A); 1–6 (mean, part B). Higher scores = more recovery | Part B [21] | [65] |