Table 1.
Summary of studies employing repeated measures of RSA during early childhood
| Age By Month | Demographics | RSA | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brief Citation | n | Timepoint (month) |
M(SD) | % Male | Race/Ethnicity | M | SD |
| Alkon et al., 20061 | 150 | 6 | 6.66(0.97) | 54% | 89% Mexican | 3.30 | 0.90 |
| 142 | 12 | 12.44(0.8) | 47% | 11% Mixed | 3.80 | 0.90 | |
| 1% Other | |||||||
| Alkon et al., 20111 | 159 | 6 | 6.66(0.97) | 50.2% | 97% Latino | 3.32 | 0.82 |
| 152 | 12 | 12.44(0.8) | 50.2% | 3% Multiracial | 3.74 | 0.93 | |
| 136 | 42 | NR | 50.2% | 6.44 | 1.13 | ||
| 297 | 60 | NR | 50.2% | 6.8 | 1.19 | ||
| Arditi et al., 20062 | 62 | newborn | 51.9hr(7.31) | 46.78% | 100% Israeli | 3.99 | 1.10 |
| Bar-Haim et al., 2000 | 24 | 4 | NR | 37.5% | 100% White | 3.22 | 0.86 |
| 24 | 9 | NR | 37.5% | 3.60 | 0.87 | ||
| 24 | 14 | NR | NR | 3.91 | 1.11 | ||
| 24 | 24 | NR | NR | 4.74 | 1.08 | ||
| 24 | 48 | NR | NR | 6.01 | 1.27 | ||
| Berry et al., 20183 | 748 | 7 | NR | NR | Ethnicity NR | 3.82 | 0.76 |
| 748 | 15 | NR | NR | 4.29 | 0.92 | ||
| 748 | 24 | NR | NR | 4.89 | 1.12 | ||
| 748 | 35 | NR | NR | 5.52 | 1.09 | ||
| Bockneck et al., 2018 | 130 | 24 to 31 | 27.02(2.6) | 59.2% | 90% Black 3.8% White 3.8% Multiracial 2.3% Other |
2.95 | 0.86 |
| Bornstein & Suess, 2000 | 77 | 2 | 1.98(0.32) | 50.65% | Ethnicity NR | 2.60 | 0.76 |
| 66 | 5 | 5.39(0.37) | 45.45% | 3.24 | 0.79 | ||
| Brooker et al., 2013 | 124 | 6 | NR | NR | 95% White 1.7% Black 0.9% Asian |
3.55 | 0.77 |
| Buss et al., 2005 | 68 | 24 | 24.5(0.4) | 64.7% | 94.1% White 1.5% each Black/ Asian/ Hispanic/ Indigenous |
5.06 | 0.95 |
| Busuito et al., 2019 | 158 | 6 | 6.31(0.3) | 57% | 75% White 8% Black 17% Other |
3.18 | 0.85 |
| Calkins & Keane, 2004 | 140 | 24 | NR | 50.6% | 65% White 30% Black 5% Other |
5.76 | 1.40 |
| Cho & Buss, 2017 | 124 | 24 | 24.43(0.47) | 50% | 90.4% White 6.4% Asian 1.6% Indigenous 1.6% Other |
4.46 | 1.07 |
| Cruz et al., 2018 | 28 | 1 | 1.12(0.24) | 57.1% | 100% White | 3.10 | 1.30 |
| DiPietro et al., 2006 | 137 | 24 | 24.8(0.9) | 49% | 85.1% White 11.7% Black 3.2% Asian |
4.27 | 1.02 |
| Esposito et al., 2016 | 156 | 28 | 28.5(5.91) | 52% | 90% White 8% Multiracial 2% Asian |
5.22 | 1.31 |
| 156 | 36 | 35.34(6.18) | 52% | 5.79 | 1.32 | ||
| 156 | 42 | 43.42(6.09) | 52% | 6.21 | 1.22 | ||
| Feldman & Eidelman, 20072 | 52 | newborn | NR | 55.8% | 100% Israeli | 2.28 | 1.46 |
| Fox, 19894 | 63 | 5 | 4.65(0.29) | 47.6% | Ethnicity NR | 2.99 | 0.88 |
| 52 | 14 | 14.1(4.2) | 45.5% | 3.45 | 0.79 | ||
| Fracasso et al., 1994 | 58 | 5 | NR | 44.8% | 100% White | 3.02 | 0.71 |
| 53 | 7 | NR | 45.3% | 3.25 | 0.72 | ||
| 44 | 10 | NR | 43.2% | 3.27 | 0.72 | ||
| 49 | 13 | NR | 51% | 3.20 | 0.71 | ||
| Gormally et al., 2001 | 21 | newborn | 53hr(12) | 42% | Ethnicity NR | 3.80 | 1.50 |
| Grady & Callan, 2019 | 37 | 24 | 23.28(0.65) | 35.1% | 56% Hispanic/Latino 26.5% White 6% Asian 5.9% Black |
5.58 | 1.04 |
| Gueron-Sela et al., 20175 | 137 | 3 | NR | 52% | 58% Black 46.1% White |
3.41 | 0.96 |
| 137 | 6 | NR | 52% | 3.65 | 0.88 | ||
| 137 | 12 | NR | 52% | 3.67 | 0.93 | ||
| 137 | 18 | NR | 52% | 4.50 | 1.57 | ||
| 137 | 24 | NR | 52% | 4.92 | 1.49 | ||
| 137 | 30 | NR | 52% | 4.86 | 1.40 | ||
| 137 | 36 | NR | 52% | 5.34 | 1.25 | ||
| Gunnar et al., 1995 | 50 | newborn | 46.4hr(19.7) | 50% | 84% White 8% Black 4% Asian 4% Other |
3.90 | 1.20 |
| Haley et al., 20086 | 104 | 3 | 3.04(0.20) | 52.9% | 80% White Other NR |
3.46 | 1.12 |
| Haley et al., 20106 | 151 | 6 | NR | 50.3% | 80% White Other NR |
3.44 | 0.87 |
| Holochwost et al., 20145 | 95 | 6 | NR | 47.4% | 53.7% Black 46.3% White |
3.72 | 0.91 |
| Holochwost et al., 20185 | 112 | 24 to 36 | NR | 51.5% | 58.7% Black 41.3% White |
5.16 | 1.26 |
| Hsu & Porter, 2004 | 53 | 1 | NR | 43.18% | 92% White | 3.35 | 1.20 |
| 53 | 3 | NR | 38.46% | Other NR | 3.35 | 0.89 | |
| Huffman et al., 1998 | 65 | 3 | 2.69(0.12) | 51.7% | “Predominantly White” | 2.6 | 0.82 |
| Izard et al., 1991 | 86 | 3 | NR | NR | 100% White | 2.56 | 0.80 |
| 83 | 4.5 | NR | NR | 2.76 | 0.81 | ||
| 58 | 6 | NR | NR | 2.96 | 0.93 | ||
| 54 | 9 | NR | NR | 3.49 | 0.81 | ||
| 47 | 13 | NR | NR | 3.61 | 0.76 | ||
| Jewell et al., 2018 | 312 | 1.4 | NR | 46% | 87% Mexican | 2.50 | 0.97 |
| 205 | 2.8 | NR | 46% | 13% White | 2.81 | 1.00 | |
| 210 | 4.1 | NR | 46% | 2.86 | 0.94 | ||
| 210 | 5.5 | NR | 46% | 3.10 | 0.85 | ||
| 206 | 12 | NR | 46% | 3.66 | 0.95 | ||
| 237 | 18 | NR | 46% | 4.25 | 0.98 | ||
| 244 | 24 | NR | 46% | 6.23 | 1.12 | ||
| Johnson et al., 2014 | 329 | 6 | 6(0.53) | 55% | 91% White Other NR |
3.58 | 1.76 |
| Kennedy et al., 2004 | 104 | 24 | NR | 48.1% | 97% White | 4.86 | 0.98 |
| 104 | 27 | 3m follow up | 51% | Other NR | 4.86 | 0.98 | |
| Lewis et al., 2004 | 56 | 4 | 3.93(0.28) | 48.2% | 91.1% White 7.14% Asian 1.78% Hispanic |
2.76 | 0.13 |
| Maikranz et al., 2000 | 68 | 4 | NR | 48.5% | Ethnicity NR | 5.76 | 0.83 |
| Mammen et al., 2017 | 46 | 8 | 7.6(0.95) | 56% | 89% White Other NR |
3.37 | 0.80 |
| Mateus et al., 2018 | 23 | 1 | 1.15(0.23) | 65.2% | 100% White | 3.11 | 1.24 |
| Mills-Koonce et al., 20153 | 150 | 6 | NR | NR | Ethnicity NR | 3.95 | 0.90 |
| 161 | 15 | NR | NR | 4.37 | 1.07 | ||
| Montirosso et al., 2014 | 83 | 4 | 4.08(0.06) | 46.3% | Ethnicity NR | 3.14 | 0.92 |
| 83 | 4.5 | 4.56(0.2) | 44.4% | 3.24 | 1.02 | ||
| Moore, 20095 | 89 | 6 | 6.81(0.68) | 51% | 52.1% White 47.9% Black |
3.68 | 0.85 |
| Moore et al., 2004 | 73 | 3 | 2.87(0.29) | 58.9% | 81% White 14% Black 4% Mixed |
2.82 | 0.75 |
| Morales et al., 2015 | 125 | 24 | NR | NR | 90% White 5% Asian 2% Indigenous 1% each Black/ Hispanic/ Mixed/ Other |
4.46 | 0.87 |
| 124 | 42 | NR | NR | 5.38 | 0.79 | ||
| Patriquin et al., 2014 7 | 91 | 5 | NR | 47.2% | 87.7% White 8.5% Multiracial |
3.77 | 0.89 |
| 94 | 10 | NR | 47.2% | 4.44 | 1.02 | ||
| 69 | 24 | NR | 47.2% | 5.52 | 1.52 | ||
| 56 | 36 | NR | 47.2% | 6.14 | 1.11 | ||
| 56 | 48 | NR | 47.2% | 6.58 | 1.07 | ||
| Patriquin et al., 20157 | 287 | 5 | NR | 49.7% | 77% White 16% Black 7% Multiracial |
4.02 | 1.27 |
| 261 | 10 | NR | 49.7% | 4.74 | 1.16 | ||
| 228 | 24 | NR | 49.7% | 5.44 | 1.23 | ||
| 207 | 36 | NR | 49.7% | 6.49 | 1.53 | ||
| 190 | 48 | NR | 49.7% | 6.80 | 1.38 | ||
| Perry et al., 20188 | 388 | 5 | 5.4(0.26) | 49% | 78% White 13% Black |
3.97 | 1.21 |
| 352 | 10 | 10.4(0.37) | 49% | 4.64 | 1.13 | ||
| 320 | 24 | 25.2(0.95) | 49% | 5.43 | 1.3 | ||
| Poehlmann et al., 2011 | 120 | newborn | NR | 52% | 70% White 11% Black 16% Multiracial |
3.43 | 0.87 |
| Porges et al., 1994 | 25 | 9 | NR | 45.7% | Ethnicity NR | 4.03 | 1.00 |
| 20 | 36 | NR | 45.7% | 5.73 | 1.4 | ||
| Porter et al., 2003 | 56 | 6 | 6.2(NR) | 44.6% | 95% White | 3.32 | 0.96 |
| 5% Hispanic | |||||||
| Porter et al., 1995 | 26 | 1 | 1.12(NR) | 26.9% | “Predominantly White” | 3.20 | 1.10 |
| 26 | 3 | 3.2(NR) | 26.9% | 3.13 | 0.80 | ||
| 26 | 6 | 6.25(NR) | 26.9% | 3.73 | 0.90 | ||
| Quigley et al., 20175 | 151 | 6 | NR | 51% | 52.1% White 47.9% Black |
3.68 | 0.87 |
| Riniolo et al., 19979 | 36 | 5 | NR | NR | EthnicityNR | 3.82 | 0.80 |
| 36 | 5 | NR | NR | 4.12 | 0.86 | ||
| Somers et al., 2019 | 322 | 1.4 | 1.38(0.32) | 46.3% | 86.3% Mexican 13.7% Mexican-American |
2.52 | 0.96 |
| Stifter & Jain, 1996 | 90 | 5 | NR | 51.1% | 96% White 2% Black |
2.98 | 0.70 |
| 84 | 10 | NR | 48.8% | 3.64 | 0.80 | ||
| 74 | 18 | NR | 50% | 1% each Asian/Hispanic | 4.3 | 1.00 | |
| Stifter & Fox, 19904 | 88 | newborn | 48hr(24) | 45.5% | 3.94 | 0.97 | |
| 63 | 5 | 4.65(0.29) | 47.6% | Ethnicity NR | 2.99 | 0.88 | |
| Stifter & Corey, 2001 | 136 | 12 | 12.21(0.28) | 48.5% | 91.8% White 3.4% Black 3.4% Asian |
3.81 | 0.92 |
| 127 | 13 | 13.28(0.31) | 47.2% | 3.84 | 0.94 | ||
| Sturge-Apple et al., 2016 | 201 | 24 | 25.14(1.68) | 56% | 56% Black 23% White 11% Latino 7% Multiracial 3% Other |
6.62 | 1.36 |
| Sullivan et al., 201610 | 160 | 5 | 4.83(0.46) | 50% | 65% White 17% Multiracial/Other 9% Black/Hispanic 8% East Asian/Indian |
3.54 | 1.45 |
| 160 | 5 | 4.83(0.46) | 50% | 3.72 | 1.31 | ||
| Thompson et al., 1993 | 20 | newborn | 47.37hr(NR) | NR | Ethnicity NR | 1.48 | 0.22 |
| Wagner et al., 20165 | 186 | 6 | NR | 48% | 56% Black 44% White |
3.4 | 0.85 |
| Wagner et al., 20175 | 169 | 3 | NR | 49% | 57% Black | 3.41 | 0.98 |
| 96 | 6 | NR | 49% | 43% White | 3.66 | 0.88 | |
| 102 | 12 | NR | 49% | 3.7 | 0.99 | ||
| 122 | 18 | NR | 49% | 4.56 | 1.61 | ||
| 79 | 24 | NR | 49% | 4.82 | 1.58 | ||
| Wagner et al., 2018 | 84 | 24 | 24.99(1.08) | 50% | 97% White Other NR |
4.86 | 0.98 |
| Waters et al., 2016 | 64 | 6 to 36 | 13.12(1.21) | 51.5% | 58% White 19% Asian 9% Multiracial 7% Latina 7% Black/ Biracial |
3.96 | 0.98 |
| Whedon et al., 20188 | 357 | 5 | NR | NR | 76% White | 3.97 | 1.21 |
| 336 | 10 | 10.27(0.32) | 51% | Other NR | 4.64 | 1.13 | |
| 273 | 24 | 24.85(0.87) | 51% | 5.43 | 1.30 | ||
Note: n = number; m = mean; SD = standard deviation; NR = not reported.