Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants with diabetes who were tested for ACR at baseline
| Cohort (country) | N | Age, mean (SD), years | Women, No. (%) | SBP, mean (SD), mmHg | Any HTN med use, No. (%) | RAAS inhibitor use, No. (%) | Other HTN med use, No. (%) | HbA1c, mean (SD), % | Insulin use, No. (%) | Oral DM med use, No. (%) | No. (%) of participants | BMI, mean (SD), Kg/m2 | eGFR, mean (SD), ml/min/ 1.73 m2 | ACR ≥30 mg/g, No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| History of CHD | History of HF | ||||||||||||||
| Development: research cohorts | |||||||||||||||
| ADVANCE (multiple) | 10542 | 66 (6) | 4472 (42) | 145 (21) | 7884 (75) | 4963 (47) | 2921 (28) | 7.5 (1.5) | 153 (1) | 9445 (90) | 1640 (16) | 328 (3) | 28 (5) | 78 (17) | 3235 (31) |
| Pima (US) | 454 | 36 (14) | 217 (48) | 126 (19) | 98 (22) | 69 (23) | 29 (6) | 9.0 (2.5) | 57 (13) | 109 (24) | NA | NA | 35 (8) | 121 (20) | 211 (46) |
| PREVEND (Netherlands) | 434 | 63 (10) | 183 (42) | 138 (20) | 216 (52) | 112 (26) | 104 (25) | NA | 26 (6) | 191 (46) | 68 (16) | 14 (3) | 30 (5) | 87 (17) | 135 (31) |
| Rancho Bernardo (US) | 124 | 74 (12) | 59 (48) | 145 (22) | 74 (60) | NA | 74 (60) | 5.5 (1.4) | 14 (11) | 41 (33) | 21 (17) | 8 (6) | 27 (5) | 62 (18) | 33 (27) |
| ZODIAC (Netherlands) | 1634 | 67 (12) | 914 (56) | 152 (24) | 435 (27) | 435 (27) | NA | 7.3 (1.3) | 33 (2) | 1303 (80) | 176 (12) | NA | 29 (5) | 68 (17) | 137 (8) |
| Development: clinical cohorts | |||||||||||||||
| Geisinger (US) | 26261 | 63 (14) | 12605 (48) | 128 (16) | 20793 (79) | 15897 (61) | 15688 (60) | 7.4 (1.6) | 6404 (24) | 17446 (66) | 7026 (27) | 2382 (9) | 34 (8) | 79 (25) | 9364 (36) |
| Maccabi (Israel) | 44677 | 63 (13) | 18575 (42) | 134 (18) | 30130 (67) | 25156 (56) | 21512 (48) | 7.6 (1.7) | 5840 (13) | 27389 (61) | 9416 (21) | 1773 (4) | 31 (6) | 83 (23) | 25004 (56) |
| Mt Sinai BioMe (US) | 1490 | 59 (13) | 994 (67) | 132 (20) | 1063 (71) | 897 (60) | 817 (55) | 7.8 (2.0) | 504 (34) | 870 (58) | 117 (8) | 296 (20) | 33 (8) | 76 (26) | 597 (40) |
| OLDW cohort 1 (US) | 16753 | 62 (13) | 8234 (49) | 126 (16) | 9061(54) | 5517 (33) | 7358 (44) | 7.4 (1.6) | 2689 (16) | 7567 (45) | 4625 (28) | 1869 (11) | 35 (8) | 79 (23) | 4531 (27) |
| OLDW cohort 2 (US) | 16014 | 62 (13) | 8036 (50) | 129 (16) | 9924 (62) | 7019 (44) | 8022 (50) | 7.4 (1.6) | 3203 (20) | 8620 (54) | 3192 (20) | 862 (5) | 34 (8) | 79 (24) | 5132 (32) |
| OLDW cohort 3 (US) | 1055 | 58 (14) | 563 (53) | 134 (18) | 326 (31) | 232 (22) | 227 (22) | 7.7 (1.7) | 211 (20) | 337 (32) | 159 (15) | 46 (4) | 33 (6) | 83 (26) | 268 (25) |
| OLDW cohort 4 (US) | 9718 | 63 (13) | 4864 (50) | 136 (21) | 4305 (44) | 2549 (26) | 3380 (35) | 7.5 (1.6) | 958 (10) | 3600 (37) | 1941 (20) | 501 (5) | 35 (8) | 77 (24) | 2972 (31) |
| OLDW cohort 5 (US) | 4120 | 61 (13) | 1865 (45) | 127 (16) | 2384 (58) | 1389 (34) | 1991 (48) | 7.5 (1.7) | 717 (17) | 2312 (56) | 790 (19) | 259 (6) | 34 (8) | 79 (25) | 1275 (31) |
| OLDW cohort 6 (US) | 23168 | 63 (13) | 11623 (50) | 130 (17) | 5793 (25) | 3621 (16) | 4687 (20) | 7.2 (1.5) | 1794 (8) | 4767 (21) | 5911 (26) | 2234 (10) | 34 (8) | 77 (23) | 6694 (29) |
| OLDW cohort 7 (US) | 8988 | 61 (15) | 4171 (46) | 129 (17) | 3957 (44) | 2712 (30) | 2976 (33) | 7.3 (1.6) | 1950 (22) | 3429 (38) | 1665 (19) | 441 (5) | 33 (8) | 79 (25) | 3134 (35) |
| OLDW cohort 8 (US) | 8080 | 59 (14) | 4046 (50) | 133 (19) | 2702 (33) | 1462 (18) | 2191 (27) | 7.6 (1.8) | 1597 (20) | 2583 (32) | 1468 (18) | 480 (6) | 35 (9) | 80 (26) | 3011 (37) |
| OLDW cohort 9 (US) | 26318 | 60 (13) | 12762 (48) | 130 (17) | 14716 (56) | 10050 (38) | 11437 (43) | 7.5 (1.7) | 6340 (24) | 14268 (54) | 5088 (19) | 1621 (6) | 33 (8) | 82 (25) | 8526 (32) |
| OLDW cohort 10 (US) | 13591 | 61 (13) | 6809 (50) | 129 (17) | 7618 (56) | 5377 (40) | 5866 (43) | 7.3 (1.7) | 2938 (22) | 7051 (52) | 2794 (21) | 1089 (8) | 34 (8) | 78 (23) | 4496 (33) |
| OLDW cohort 11 (US) | 5389 | 63 (13) | 2735 (51) | 128 (17) | 2477 (46) | 1442 (27) | 1950 (36) | 7.2 (1.5) | 685 (13) | 2217 (41) | 1475 (27) | 745 (14) | 34 (8) | 72 (22) | 2469 (46) |
| OLDW cohort 12 (US) | 1142 | 53 (15) | 634 (56) | 132 (18) | 276 (24) | 154 (13) | 216 (19) | 8.1 (1.9) | 339 (30) | 368 (32) | 168 (15) | 66 (6) | 33 (8) | 81 (24) | 283 (25) |
| OLDW cohort 13 (US) | 7084 | 62 (13) | 3077 (43) | 127 (16) | 2649 (37) | 1742 (25) | 1971 (28) | 7.2 (1.6) | 728 (10) | 2603 (37) | 1208 (17) | 313 (4) | 32 (7) | 81 (22) | 1906 (27) |
| SCREAM (Sweden) | 9216 | 63 (15) | 3604 (39) | NA | 6221 (68) | 4704 (51) | 5008 (54) | 6.8 (1.5) | 4253 (46) | 4276 (46) | 1565 (17) | 1306 (14) | NA | 78 (26) | 3858 (42) |
| West of Scotland (Scotland) | 2451 | 68 (11) | 1155 (47) | 146 (25) | 1082 (44) | 707 (29) | 820 (33) | 8.1 (3.8) | 305 (12) | 579 (24) | 453 (18) | 153 (6) | 32 (7) | 43 (23) | 933 (38) |
| Total | 238703 | 62 (13) | 112197 (47) | 131 (18) | 134184 (56) | 96206 (40) | 99245 (42) | 7.4 (1.7) | 41738 (17) | 121371 (51) | 50966 (21) | 16786 (7) | 33 (7) | 79 (24) | 88205 (37) |
| Validation: research cohorts | |||||||||||||||
| UK Biobank (UK) | 23319 | 60 (7) | 9001 (39) | 143 (19) | 12093 (52) | 11309 (48) | 784 (3) | 7.0 (1.3) | 700 (3) | 13096 (56) | 2791 (12) | 71 (0) | 31 (6) | 89 (17) | 3535 (15) |
| Validation: clinical cohorts | |||||||||||||||
| CURE-CKD (US) | 6881 | 62 (15) | 3338 (49) | 129 (17) | NA | NA | NA | 7.5 (1.7) | NA | NA | 788 (11) | 294 (4) | 32 (8) | 77 (25) | 2300 (33) |
| OLDW cohort 14 (US) | 5949 | 65 (12) | 3015 (51) | 131 (17) | 3742 (63) | 2579 (43) | 2845 (48) | 7.2 (1.4) | 1037 (17) | 3175 (53) | 1371 (23) | 297 (5) | 33 (7) | 74 (22) | 1362 (23) |
| OLDW cohort 15 (US) | 5363 | 58 (15) | 2628 (49) | 130 (16) | 2092 (39) | 1630 (30) | 1419 (26) | 7.6 (1.5) | 1224 (23) | 2248 (42) | 863 (16) | 235 (4) | 34 (8) | 82 (25) | 1864 (35) |
| OLDW cohort 16 (US) | 2856 | 60 (13) | 1294 (45) | 128 (15) | 924 (32) | 580 (20) | 644 (23) | 7.5 (1.5) | 398 (14) | 891 (31) | 483 (17) | 135 (5) | 34 (8) | 82 (24) | 1030 (36) |
| OLDW cohort 17 (US) | 40840 | 62 (13) | 20474 (50) | 130 (16) | 22668 (56) | 14918 (37) | 17651 (43) | 7.4 (1.6) | 7345 (18) | 22004 (54) | 9820 (24) | 3536 (9) | 33 (8) | 78 (23) | 14606 (36) |
| OLDW cohort 18 (US) | 7625 | 64 (14) | 4006 (53) | 129 (16) | 4316 (57) | 2606 (34) | 3316 (43) | 7.1 (1.4) | 1089 (14) | 3258 (43) | 1920 (25) | 759 (10) | 33 (7) | 76 (23) | 2340 (31) |
| RCAV (US) | 136813 | 66 (11) | 3806 (3%) | 132 (17) | 96855 (71) | 71301 (52) | 74628 (55) | 7.3 (1.6) | 23194 (17) | 77157 (56) | 48024 (35) | 14545 (11) | 32 (6) | 77 (17) | 41451 (30) |
| Total | 206327 | 64 (12) | 47562 (21) | 133 (18) | 142877 (69) | 104947 (46) | 101466 (44) | 7.3 (1.6) | 35264 (15) | 122109 (53) | 66060 (29) | 19872 (9) | 32 (7) | 79 (19) | 68487 (30) |
ACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; SD, standard deviation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; HTN, hypertension; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; DM, diabetes; CHD, coronary heart disease; HF, heart failure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IQI, interquartile interval; BMI, body mass index; NA, not available; med, medication; Multiple countries included in ADVANCE: Australia, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Malaysia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, United Kingdom