Table 1.
Characteristics of participants
| Characteristic | Mean ± SDa n = 93 |
|---|---|
| Age, years | 61.9 ± 12.9 |
| Sex, women, n (%) | 81 (87.1%) |
| Educational attainment (IQR), yb | 7.6 (4.0–11.0) |
| Current smoking, n (%)c | 26 (28.0%) |
| Drinking alcohol, n (%)c | 9 (9.7%) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.2 ± 5.2 |
| Refractive error, n (%) | 38 (40.9%) |
| Intraocular pressure, mmHg | 12.7 ± 3.0 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%)d | 13 (14.0%) |
| History of cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 1 (1.1%) |
| Office hypertension, n (%)e | 60 (64.5%) |
| On antihypertensive treatment, n (%) | 44 (47.3%) |
| Systolic/diastolic office blood pressure, mmHgf | 141.0 ± 22.8/76.2 ± 8.3 |
| 24-h systolic/diastolic/mean arterial blood pressuref | 122.1 ± 15.4/70.3 ± 8.7/87.9 ± 10.0 |
| Serum total cholesterol, mg/dLg | 220.7 ± 47.7 |
| Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dLg | 44.6 ± 11.2 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dLg | 0.90 ± 0.26 |
| Blood glucose, mg/dLg | 106.3 ± 27.5 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.80 ± 0.74 |
a
Unless otherwise noted
b
IQR indicates interquartile range
c
Use of smoking materials or alcohol on a daily basis
d
Use of antidiabetic drugs or fasting blood glucose of ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L)
e
An office blood pressure of ≥130 mmHg systolic or ≥80 mmHg diastolic or use of antihypertensive drugs
f
Office blood pressure was the average of five consecutive oscillometric readings at a single visit. The 24-h blood pressure was measured by a validated oscillometric device.
g
To convert cholesterol to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259; to convert creatinine to μmol/L, multiply by 88.7; to convert glucose to mmol/L, multiply by 0.056