Table 2.
Characteristics of participants by thirds of VIMmap distribution
| Characteristic | <8.92 | ≥8.92 to <10.35 | ≥10.35 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 60.5 ± 11.7 | 58.1 ± 13.9 | 67.0 ± 12.9 | 0.02 |
| Sex, women | 27 (87.1%) | 27 (87.1%) | 27 (27.1%) | 0.99 |
| Educational attainment (IQR), yd | 7.9 (3.0–11.0) | 8.9 (4.0–14.0) | 6 (3.0–9.0) | 0.07 |
| Current smokinga | 1 (3.2%) | 2 (6.7%) | 3 (10.0%) | 0.59 |
| Drinking alcohola | 2 (6.4%) | 3 (9.7%) | 4 (12.9%) | 0.69 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.9 ± 4.8 | 28.2 ± 5.1 | 28.5 ± 5.8 | 0.88 |
| Refractive error | 13 (41.9%) | 11 (35.5%) | 13 (41.9%) | 0.84 |
| Intraocular pressure, mmHg | 13.0 ± 2.6 | 12.0 ± 2.7 | 12.8 ± 3.1 | 0.30 |
| Diabetes mellitusc | 4 (12.9%) | 4 (12.9%) | 6 (19.4%) | 0.92 |
| History of cardiovascular disease | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (3.23%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.36 |
| Office hypertensionb | 25 (80.7%) | 23 (74.2%) | 30 (96.8%) | 0.045 |
| On antihypertensive treatment | 14 (45.2%) | 14 (45.2%) | 17 (54.8%) | 0.68 |
| Office systolic BP, mmHg | 136.8 ± 18.4 | 136.9 ± 22.6 | 149.3 ± 25.3 | 0.045 |
| Office diastolic BP, mmHg | 75.3 ± 8.7 | 75.9 ± 9.3 | 76.8 ± 6.9 | 0.76 |
| 24-h systolic BP, mmHg | 121.4 ± 13.9 | 122.6 ± 13.9 | 122.4 ± 18.5 | 0.94 |
| 24-h diastolic BP, mmHg | 70.3 ± 8.8 | 71.6 ± 8.4 | 69.3 ± 9.2 | 0.59 |
| 24-h mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 87.3 ± 9.0 | 88.6 ± 9.5 | 87.0 ± 11.6 | 0.81 |
| Serum total cholesterol, mg/dLe | 213 ± 50.6 | 194.1 ± 44.5 | 194.7 ± 46.7 | 0.20 |
| Serum HDL cholesterol, mg/dLe | 42.7 ± 8.8 | 42.4 ± 12.1 | 48.8 ± 11.5 | 0.038 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dLe | 0.89 ± 0.23 | 0.93 ± 0.29 | 0.89 ± 0.26 | 0.34 |
| Blood glucose, mg/dLe | 107.7 ± 29.0 | 103.2 ± 20.8 | 107.9 ± 32.2 | 0.75 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.63 ± 0.34 | 6.00 ± 1.14 | 5.76 ± 0.55 | 0.32 |
| GON, n (%) | 4 (12.9%) | 8 (25.8%) | 14 (45.2%) | 0.02 |
| GON without VF defect, n (%) | 4 (12.9%) | 4 (14.8%) | 11 (39.3%) | 0.03 |
| GON with VF defect, n (%) | 1 (3.7%) | 5 (17.9%) | 8 (32.0%) | 0.02 |
BP blood pressure, HDL high-density lipoprotein, IQR interquartile range, GON glaucomatous optic neuropathy, VF visual field
a
Use of smoking materials or alcohol on a daily basis
b
An office blood pressure of ≥130 mmHg systolic or ≥80 mmHg diastolic or use of antihypertensive drugs
c
Use of antidiabetic drugs or fasting blood glucose of ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L)
d
Years of education was given with interquartile range as measure of spread and compared between groups by the Mann–Whitney test
e
To convert cholesterol to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259; to convert creatinine to μmol/L, multiply by 88.7; to convert glucose to mmol/L, multiply by 0.056