Table 4.

Examining Types of Misuse Using Regression Models with Propensity-Score Matching: Pre-Implementation Compared to Post-Implementation (n=87)

Models with or without PS			p-value	95% Confidence Interval
	Coef.	Stand. Error		Lower Bound	Upper Bound
Drug/Age Misuse
(post vs. pre)	−0.003	0.071	0.969	−0.142	0.136
(PS, post vs. pre)	−0.049	0.047	0.404	−0.142	0.043
Drug/Drug Misuse
(post vs. pre)	−0.597	0.438	0.369	−1.455	0.260
(PS, post vs. pre)	−0.457	0.372	0.401	−1.186	0.273
Drug/Drug Misuse_(avoid combination)
(post vs. pre)	−0.556	0.043	0.369	−0.141	0.030
(PS, post vs. pre)	−0.049	0.043	0.401	−0.134	0.036
Drug/Drug Misuse (consider therapy modification)
(post vs. pre)	0.022	0.212	0.969	−0.392	0.437
(PS, post vs. pre)	0.049	0.151	0.817	−0.246	0.345
Drug/Drug Misuse_(monitor therapy)
(post vs. pre)	−0.564	0.291	0.286	−1.133	0.006
(PS, post vs. pre)	−0.457	0.267	0.191	−0.980	0.066
Drug/Disease Misuse
(post vs. pre)	−0.333	0.202	0.359	−0.729	0.620
(PS, post vs. pre)	−0.407	0.195	0.102	−0.790	−0.248
Drug/Label Misuse (Exceeds Daily-Dosage)
(post vs. pre)	−0.100	0.080	0.369	−0.253	0.053
(PS, post vs. pre)	−0.160	0.066	0.015	−0.291	−0.030
Drug/Label Misuse (Exceeds Single-Dosage)
(post vs. pre)	−0.361	0.057	0.011	−0.472	−0.250
(PS, post vs. pre)	−0.358	0.062	0.011	−0.479	−0.273
Drug/Label Misuse (Exceeds Timing/Frequency)
(post vs. pre)	0.072	0.123	0.877	−0.170	0.314
(PS, post vs. pre)	0.284	0.132	0.102	0.026	0.542
Drug/Label Misuse (Exceeds Use Duration)
(post vs. pre)	0.011	0.070	0.969	−0.126	0.148
(PS, post vs. pre)	0	0.061	0.999	−0.120	0.120
Drug/Label Misuse (Inappropriate Indication)
(post vs. pre)	0.025	0.069	0.969	−0.109	0.159
(PS, post vs. pre)	−0.012	0.025	0.759	−0.061	0.037

Note: PS = Propensity Score Matching; both the raw and the propensity-adjusted p-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the pFDR