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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021 Aug 8;129:296–306. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.004

Figure 2. Disruption of circadian rhythms and maladaptive pain: A feedback loop.

Figure 2.

Maladaptive pain is negatively affected by common and seemingly innocuous forms of disrupted circadian rhythms, in addition to more severe forms of disruption. Many of the consequences of circadian rhythm disruption can negatively alter pain thresholds and affect maladaptive pain. The physiological consequences of maladaptive pain can induce various forms of disrupted circadian rhythms, thus generating a deleterious feedback loop. The consequences of this feedback loop should be considered in future clinical and preclinical research aiming to resolve and treat chronic and maladaptive pain.