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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Psychiatr Res. 2021 Aug 2;142:188–197. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.048

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Experimental design. In a repeated-measures, cross-over design (A), participants attended two fMRI sessions in which they were exposed to a mild visual stress task (B) before and after exhalatory- (e-RAVANS) or inhalatory-gated (i-RAVANS) transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (C). All subjects completed three runs (6 min each) of the mild visual stress task before and after RAVANS. Each run consisted of 12 blocks, 4 each of neutral (low arousal/neutral valence), negative (high arousal/negative valence) IAPS images and fixation stimuli (Fourier transforms of neutral images). Each block consisted of six different images, each presented for 5 seconds. During the stimulation period, 4 scan runs (6:30 min each) were collected.