Table 3.
Evidence for transdiagnostic risk factors
| Factor | Mental disorders | Transdiagnostic class of evidence (prospective evidence class) | Transdiagnostic odds ratio (95% CI) | Number of individual studies (cases) | TRANSD criteria met or not |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sexual abuse in childhood | Borderline personality disorder | II (NA) | 3.92 (3.33‐4.61) | 83 (>10,676) | Yes |
| Bulimia nervosa | |||||
| Binge eating disorder | |||||
| Depressive disorders | |||||
| Social anxiety disorder | |||||
| Physical abuse in childhood | Depressive disorders | II (NA) | 4.82 (3.92‐5.91) | 48 (>7,946) | Yes |
| Social anxiety disorder | |||||
| Borderline personality disorder | |||||
| Binge eating disorder | |||||
| Adversities in childhood | Borderline personality disorder | II (NA) | 13.83 (10.49‐18.23) | 144 (24,982) | Yes (for two disorders only) |
| Bipolar disorders | |||||
| Schizophrenia spectrum disorders | |||||
| 5‐min Apgar score <7 | Autism spectrum disorder | III (III) | 1.27 (1.11‐1.46) | 46 (43,791) | Yes |
| Anorexia nervosa | |||||
| ADHD | |||||
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | Alzheimer’s disease | II (III) | 1.53 (1.39‐1.69) | 46 (42,897) | No |
| Vascular dementia | |||||
| Depressive disorders | |||||
| Obesity | Depressive disorders | II (NA) | 1.58 (1.40‐ 1.79) | 22 (21,846) | No |
| Bipolar disorders | |||||
| Any dementia | |||||
| Asthma | Depressive disorders in childhood | II (NA) | 1.79 (1.62‐ 1.97) | 22 (85,725) | Yes (for two disorders only) |
| Bipolar disorders | |||||
| ADHD | |||||
| Low education | Depressive disorders in elderhood | II (NA) | 1.68 (1.46‐1.93) | 40 (19,359) | No |
| Alzheimer’s disease | |||||
| ADHD | Any eating disorder | III (NA) | 3.58 (2.50‐5.14) | 16 (>3,618) | Yes |
| Tobacco related disorder | |||||
| Tobacco smoking | Opioid use disorder | II (II) | 2.61 (2.04‐3.33) | 27 (>2,447) | No |
| Schizophrenia spectrum disorders | |||||
| Emotional abuse in childhood | Borderline personality disorder | II (NA) | 15.22 (10.02‐23.10) | 35 (7,637) | Yes |
| Depressive disorders | |||||
| Hearing impairment | Autism spectrum disorder | III (NA) | 4.98 (2.17‐ 11.45) | 14 (8,818) | No |
| Depressive disorders in elderhood | |||||
| Maternal pre‐eclampsia | Autism spectrum disorder | I (II) | 1.29 (1.22‐1.36) | 16 (>11,699) | Yes |
| ADHD | |||||
| Maternal paracetamol use during pregnancy* | Autism spectrum disorder | II (II) | 1.23 (1.17‐1.28) | 13 (>2,000) | Yes |
| ADHD | |||||
| Maternal SSRI use during pregnancy* | Autism spectrum disorder | I (II) | 1.62 (1.44‐ 1.82) | 12 (76,112) | Yes |
| ADHD | |||||
| Maternal overweight pre/during pregnancy | Autism spectrum disorder | I (I) | 1.26 (1.22‐ 1.30) | 14 (31,397) | No |
| ADHD | |||||
| Maternal diabetes | Autism spectrum disorder | III (III) | 1.44 (1.27‐1.65) | 18 (>9,872) | No |
| ADHD | |||||
| Surviving childhood cancer | Tobacco related disorder | III (NA) | 0.61 (0.50‐0.75) | 9 (3,412) | No |
| Alcohol related disorder |
ADHD – attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, SSRI – selective serotonin‐reuptake inhibitor, NA – not available, * documented or likely confounding by indication