Table 1.
Descriptive analysis of the participants (n = 4289)
| MMSE score | 24 (N = 275) | 25 (N = 352) | 26 (N = 466) | 27 (N = 560) | 28 (N = 704) | 29 (N = 835) | 30 (N = 1097) | Total (N = 4289) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CESD-10 | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 4.07 (2.90) | 3.53 (2.67) | 3.50 (2.69) | 3.33 (2.63) | 3.00 (2.54) | 2.58 (2.43) | 2.34 (2.47) | 2.96 (2.62) | |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 4.00 (1.00, 7.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 6.00) | 3.00 (1.00, 6.00) | 3.00 (1.00, 5.00) | 2.00 (1.00, 5.00) | 2.00 (0.00, 4.00) | 2.00 (0.00, 4.00) | 2.00 (1.00, 5.00) | |
| Min–Max | 0.00–10.00 | 0.00–10.00 | 0.00–10.00 | 0.00–10.00 | 0.00–10.00 | 0.00–10.00 | 0.00–10.00 | 0.00–10.00 | |
| Alcohol | 0.051 | ||||||||
| Non-drinker | 149 (54.2%) | 193 (54.8%) | 225 (48.3%) | 289 (51.6%) | 326 (46.3%) | 390 (46.7%) | 519 (47.3%) | 2091 (48.8%) | |
| Past drinker | 21 (7.6%) | 29 (8.2%) | 27 (5.8%) | 39 (7.0%) | 56 (8.0%) | 61 (7.3%) | 69 (6.3%) | 302 (7.0%) | |
| Current drinker | 105 (38.2%) | 130 (36.9%) | 214 (45.9%) | 232 (41.4%) | 322 (45.7%) | 384 (46.0%) | 509 (46.4%) | 1896 (44.2%) | |
| Smoking | 0.042 | ||||||||
| Non-smoker | 183 (66.5%) | 259 (73.6%) | 328 (70.4%) | 385 (68.8%) | 466 (66.2%) | 548 (65.6%) | 730 (66.5%) | 2899 (67.6%) | |
| Past smoker | 28 (10.2%) | 45 (12.8%) | 45 (9.7%) | 76 (13.6%) | 89 (12.6%) | 109 (13.1%) | 127 (11.6%) | 519 (12.1%) | |
| Current smoker | 64 (23.3%) | 48 (13.6%) | 93 (20.0%) | 99 (17.7%) | 149 (21.2%) | 178 (21.3%) | 240 (21.9%) | 871 (20.3%) | |
| BMI | 0.011 | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 23.17 (2.89) | 23.09 (2.59) | 23.49 (2.60) | 23.13 (2.57) | 23.43 (2.52) | 23.50 (2.43) | 23.25 (2.37) | 23.32 (2.51) | |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 22.89 (21.45, 25.00) | 22.86 (21.46, 24.63) | 23.48 (21.78, 24.97) | 23.17 (21.35, 24.61) | 23.31 (21.64, 24.97) | 23.39 (21.94, 24.91) | 23.18 (21.72, 24.54) | 23.23 (21.64, 24.80) | |
| Min–Max | 15.40–36.11 | 16.00–31.64 | 17.26–33.98 | 13.15–32.89 | 16.82–31.63 | 16.69–31.53 | 16.33–34.48 | 13.15–36.11 | |
| Arthritis or rheumatism | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| No | 208 (75.6%) | 284 (80.7%) | 352 (75.5%) | 480 (85.7%) | 584 (83.0%) | 725 (86.8%) | 995 (90.7%) | 3628 (84.6%) | |
| Yes | 67 (24.4%) | 68 (19.3%) | 114 (24.5%) | 80 (14.3%) | 120 (17.0%) | 110 (13.2%) | 102 (9.3%) | 661 (15.4%) | |
| Mental illness | 0.376 | ||||||||
| No | 272 (98.9%) | 344 (97.7%) | 462 (99.1%) | 552 (98.6%) | 695 (98.7%) | 821 (98.3%) | 1088 (99.2%) | 4234 (98.7%) | |
| Yes | 3 (1.1%) | 8 (2.3%) | 4 (0.9%) | 8 (1.4%) | 9 (1.3%) | 14 (1.7%) | 9 (0.8%) | 55 (1.3%) | |
| Liver diseases | 0.135 | ||||||||
| No | 269 (97.8%) | 346 (98.3%) | 463 (99.4%) | 547 (97.7%) | 687 (97.6%) | 818 (98.0%) | 1085 (98.9%) | 4215 (98.3%) | |
| Yes | 6 (2.2%) | 6 (1.7%) | 3 (0.6%) | 13 (2.3%) | 17 (2.4%) | 17 (2.0%) | 12 (1.1%) | 74 (1.7%) | |
| Lung diseases | 0.15 | ||||||||
| No | 269 (97.8%) | 342 (97.2%) | 453 (97.2%) | 548 (97.9%) | 696 (98.9%) | 818 (98.0%) | 1084 (98.8%) | 4210 (98.2%) | |
| Yes | 6 (2.2%) | 10 (2.8%) | 13 (2.8%) | 12 (2.1%) | 8 (1.1%) | 17 (2.0%) | 13 (1.2%) | 79 (1.8%) | |
| Cancer | 0.487 | ||||||||
| No | 267 (97.1%) | 338 (96.0%) | 456 (97.9%) | 540 (96.4%) | 687 (97.6%) | 816 (97.7%) | 1070 (97.5%) | 4174 (97.3%) | |
| Yes | 8 (2.9%) | 14 (4.0%) | 10 (2.1%) | 20 (3.6%) | 17 (2.4%) | 19 (2.3%) | 27 (2.5%) | 115 (2.7%) | |
| Diabetes | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| No | 232 (84.4%) | 297 (84.4%) | 404 (86.7%) | 503 (89.8%) | 640 (90.9%) | 750 (89.8%) | 1016 (92.6%) | 3842 (89.6%) | |
| Yes | 43 (15.6%) | 55 (15.6%) | 62 (13.3%) | 57 (10.2%) | 64 (9.1%) | 85 (10.2%) | 81 (7.4%) | 447 (10.4%) | |
| High blood pressure | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| No | 185 (67.3%) | 257 (73.0%) | 316 (67.8%) | 430 (76.8%) | 516 (73.3%) | 622 (74.5%) | 895 (81.6%) | 3221 (75.1%) | |
| Yes | 90 (32.7%) | 95 (27.0%) | 150 (32.2%) | 130 (23.2%) | 188 (26.7%) | 213 (25.5%) | 202 (18.4%) | 1068 (24.9%) | |
| Total number of chronic diseases | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.85 (0.93) | 0.75 (0.86) | 0.79 (0.90) | 0.61 (0.81) | 0.63 (0.80) | 0.61 (0.81) | 0.43 (0.70) | 0.62 (0.82) | |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 1.00 (0.00, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.00, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.00, 1.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 1.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 1.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 1.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 1.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 1.00) | |
| Min–Max | 0.00–4.00 | 0.00–4.00 | 0.00–4.00 | 0.00–4.00 | 0.00–4.00 | 0.00–4.00 | 0.00–4.00 | 0.00–4.00 | |
| Wealth satisfaction | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 49.71 (21.44) | 50.82 (20.91) | 51.82 (20.80) | 54.04 (20.30) | 53.81 (21.61) | 56.71 (20.54) | 57.47 (19.72) | 54.61 (20.75) | |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 50.00 (40.00, 70.00) | 50.00 (40.00, 70.00) | 50.00 (40.00, 70.00) | 50.00 (40.00, 70.00) | 50.00 (40.00, 70.00) | 60.00 (45.00, 70.00) | 60.00 (50.00, 70.00) | 50.00 (40.00, 70.00) | |
| Min–Max | 0.00–100.00 | 0.00–100.00 | 0.00–100.00 | 0.00–100.00 | 0.00–100.00 | 0.00–100.00 | 0.00–100.00 | 0.00–100.00 | |
| Educational attainment | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Elementary | 166 (60.4%) | 179 (50.9%) | 219 (47.0%) | 199 (35.5%) | 251 (35.7%) | 216 (25.9%) | 181 (16.5%) | 1411 (32.9%) | |
| Middle | 44 (16.0%) | 62 (17.6%) | 95 (20.4%) | 128 (22.9%) | 155 (22.0%) | 168 (20.1%) | 206 (18.8%) | 858 (20.0%) | |
| High | 57 (20.7%) | 83 (23.6%) | 119 (25.5%) | 183 (32.7%) | 222 (31.5%) | 329 (39.4%) | 492 (44.8%) | 1485 (34.6%) | |
| College/University | 8 (2.9%) | 28 (8.0%) | 33 (7.1%) | 50 (8.9%) | 76 (10.8%) | 122 (14.6%) | 218 (19.9%) | 535 (12.5%) | |
| Gender | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Male | 122 (44.4%) | 137 (38.9%) | 201 (43.1%) | 262 (46.8%) | 331 (47.0%) | 425 (50.9%) | 559 (51.0%) | 2037 (47.5%) | |
| Female | 153 (55.6%) | 215 (61.1%) | 265 (56.9%) | 298 (53.2%) | 373 (53.0%) | 410 (49.1%) | 538 (49.0%) | 2252 (52.5%) | |
| Age | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 64.16 (8.84) | 62.68 (9.15) | 61.28 (8.72) | 60.09 (8.92) | 59.70 (8.69) | 58.68 (8.31) | 56.52 (7.40) | 59.44 (8.68) | |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 64.00 (57.00, 71.00) | 63.00 (55.75, 69.00) | 61.00 (54.00, 68.00) | 59.00 (53.00, 67.00) | 59.00 (52.00, 66.00) | 58.00 (52.00, 64.50) | 55.00 (50.00, 61.00) | 58.00 (52.00, 66.00) | |
| Min–Max | 47.00–91.00 | 47.00–87.00 | 47.00–84.00 | 47.00–87.00 | 47.00–85.00 | 47.00–88.00 | 47.00–81.00 | 47.00–91.00 | |
| Regular exercise | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| No | 185 (67.3%) | 220 (62.5%) | 305 (65.5%) | 337 (60.2%) | 397 (56.4%) | 480 (57.5%) | 573 (52.2%) | 2497 (58.2%) | |
| Yes | 90 (32.7%) | 132 (37.5%) | 161 (34.5%) | 223 (39.8%) | 307 (43.6%) | 355 (42.5%) | 524 (47.8%) | 1792 (41.8%) | |
10 variables out of 17 showed statistical significance when tested for correlation with MMSE score. These variables were CESD-10, presence of joint conditions; diabetes; HBP conditions, total number of chronic diseases (sumchron), wealth satisfaction, highest education level, gender, age, and regular exercise behaviors