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. 2021 Sep 9;11:17988. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97018-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Longitudinal changes in plasma total bilirubin (A) and NH₄⁺ (B) in the three groups. In (A) and (B), statistical significance intra-group (labelled with ‘*’) is shown. (C) Bifidobacteria concentration in feces in the three BDL groups. (D) Distance traveled by the three groups of BDL and sham-operated rats. In (C) and (D), the overall statistical significance between-groups (‘treatment’ factor, labelled with ‘#’) is shown. (E) Percentage of BDL rats at each week in the ‘rifaximin + probiotics’ group and in the ‘rifaximin’ group. All results are presented as mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA was used to assess the significance intra-group (A, B) and two-way ANOVA to assess significance between-groups (‘treatment’ factor; C, D). Statistical significance: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.