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. 2021 Sep 9;11:17988. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97018-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Longitudinal ¹H MRS data of brain metabolites in the hippocampus region of the ‘rifaximin’ treated group, the ‘rifaximin + probiotics’ treated group and the group without treatment. For better readability, relative changes indicated in the graph are shown only at week 6 relative to week 0 and are indicated for metabolites whose concentrations significantly varied over time. Statistical significance: One-way ANOVA (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001).