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. 2021 Sep 9;11:17946. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97073-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fluorescence imaging and diagnostic potential of freshly resected human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) specimens. (a) Representative fluorescence images (case 22) obtained after spraying the specimens with 50 μM SPiDER-βGal, captured using IVIS Lumina Series III (Excitation: 520 nm, Emission: 570 nm). Scale bar = 10 mm. Guide map (white light): The areas surrounded by the red lines indicate the tumour (right). (b) Time-dependent changes in fluorescence intensities of tumour and non-tumour tissue after spraying SPiDER-βGal (50 μM) (case 22). (c) Box-and-whisker plot of time-dependent changes in fluorescence intensities of the tumour (blue) and non-tumour (green) tissues after spraying 50 μM SPiDER-βGal (HCC, n = 27). Means (cross), medians (horizontal line within box), inter-quartile ranges (box), and ranges (error bars) are indicated. The median fluorescence intensity of the tumour tissues was significantly higher than that of non-tumour tissues after 2 min of spraying SPiDER-βGal (50 μM). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. A two-tailed Wilcoxon t-test was used. (d) Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the increase in fluorescence intensities from 0 to 10 min. The yellow line is a 45° straight line tangent to the ROC curve. (e) ROC curves of the increase in fluorescence intensities from 0 to 30 min. The yellow line is a 45° straight line tangent to the ROC curve.