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. 2021 Sep 9;11:17940. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96971-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Significant node centralities as a function of the network state. Significant node centrality dynamics for different brain regions as a function of time in reference to stimulus onset (0 ms) during the visual detection task. The black line is the respective reference value for the control group (a) or the pre-rtACS group (b). The colored horizontal bars display time windows of significant differences between groups (p < 0.05) (green: betweenness; yellow: clustering coefficient; brown: degree). Whereas activation increases are plotted above the respective reference line, activation decreases are plotted under the line. (a) The differences of local hub properties between controls and patients which were mainly observable for “betweenness centrality” which was higher in controls than in patients. But three non-hub regions in patients (hub score < 2) show significantly stronger betweenness than controls. Other non-hubs of patients showed significantly weaker local activation in multiple node centralities. (b) Effects of rtACS neuromodulation on rFCN dynamics. Brain regions showing significant differences of local FCN attributes after rtACS treatment (p < 0.05). While node centralities of some brain regions increased following rtACS neuromodulation, others decreased.