Table 1.
Result of the GLMM. Dependent variable = yawning performed by a subject within three minutes from others’ yawns (binomial: present = 1; absent = 0).
| Fixed Effects | Estimate | SE | z value | p value | Effect size 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | − 1.387 | 1.836 | − 0.756 | a | – |
| Perception (yes)b,c | 2.628 | 0.907 | 2.897 | 0.004 | [0.85/4.41] |
| Group membership (same)b,c | − 2.354 | 0.968 | − 2.431 | 0.015 | [− 4.25/− 0.46] |
| Distance (non-proximity)b,c | − 0.740 | 0.823 | − 0.898 | 0.369 | – |
| Time slot (12:01–15:00)b,c | 1.104 | 0.818 | 1.350 | 0.177 | – |
| Sex trigger (female)b,c | 0.357 | 0.858 | 0.416 | 0.678 | – |
| Sex responder (female)b,c | − 1.353 | 0.595 | − 2.272 | 0.023 | [− 2.52/− 0.19] |
| Yawn duration | 0.283 | 0.784 | 0.361 | 0.718 | – |
| Yawn type (uncovered gums)b,c | 0.014 | 0.720 | 0.019 | 0.985 | – |
| Yawn type (uncovered teeth)b,c | − 1.781 | 1.202 | − 1.482 | 0.138 | |
| Yawn vocalization (presence)b,c | − 1.220 | 0.922 | − 1.323 | 0.186 |
Random factors = group identity of the dyad. Significance threshold: p<=0.05 Full- versus null-model: χ2 = 34.0285, df = 10, p < 0.001.
aNot shown as not having a meaningful interpretation.
bEstimate ± SE refers to the difference of the response between the reported level of this categorical predictor and the reference category of the same predictor.
cThese predictors were dummy coded, with the “Perception (NO)”, “Group membership (Different)”, “Distance (Proximity)”, “Time slot (09:01–12:00)”, “Sex Trigger (Male)”, Sex Responder (Male)”, “Yawn vocalization (Absent)”, “Yawn type (Covered teeth)”, being the reference categories. Significant p-values are shown in bold.